Scandinavia



Scandinavia is referred to as a four nations sharing the common sign of Libra in Bailey's table. Since Finland is a separate entry, this probably refers to Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The significant union in the history of these countries is called the Kalmar Union of 1397. The proceedings of that meeting are somewhat obscure, but a historical fact is that Erik of Pomerania was crowned monarch of all countries and the chart is for this event.

Previosuly the King of Denmark Valdemar Atterdag had died with only his daughter Margarethe as heir. She was married to Norwegian King Hakon., with Prince Olav as heir. Denmark was an elective kingdom in principle, so that the king was chosen by the nobles (in practise the eldest son of the previous king had precedence), and Margarethe persuaded them to choose Olav. Although Olav died before becoming king, Margarethe proclaimed herself regent of Denmark and Norway and assumed the nephew Erik of Pomerania as heir.

In Sweden ruled an impopular German, Albrecht of Mecklenburg. When he meddled in the will of the biggest landowner in Sweden, the heirs sought the help of Margarethe. King Albrecht was defeated and forced to relinquish the crown of Sweden, and subsequently the coronation in Kamlar occured (Margarethe had previously announced her intentions of a union).

Denmark and Norway had been in union before, as well as Sweden and Norway. Iceland has accepted the rule of the Norwegian King in 1262. However this union was more of a confederacy than merely a union of crowns. There was a "union letter" as part of the proceedings at Kalmar as well, which stipulated that the countries were expected to have a common foreign policy, the monarch is to be chosen jointly and if one country is attacked the others should aid the defence. Although the legal status of this letter is disputed, the actual policies following the meeting reflected it. However perhaps partly because Denmark was the most populous country (half the population of the union at that time) the Union King in  practise resided most of the time there. But he was not regarded as Danish at least initially.

Acquisition of Gotland, late 1408
The Teutonic Order was in pssession of the island of Gotland, having captured it from pirates. Gotland was however since ancient times reckoned a part of Sweden, and had also been in the possession of Denmark. Queen Margarethe persuaded the Grand Master to reliquish it after a failed invasion, and the transfer occured in 1408 (the capital of Visby would have preferred the Teutonic Order, German influence was strong in several Baltic cities at this time through the Hanseatic League).

In the precessed solar return Mars ruling the 4th house of territory is about in the 1st house. But there is not any conjunction or trine to the nation ruler. However Jupiter ruling the 5th house of monarchy is sextile to Mars, Margarethe did not join Gotland to Sweden or Denmark but made it her personal domain.


Engelbrekt Revolt, 1434
The Union was embroiled in war with the Hanseatic League and other German states when a Swede named Engelbrekt initiated a revolt. Although in some contexts it has been portrayed a a national rising, Engelbrekt himself was of German descent like many of the mine owning families of his home territory Bergslagen. The war of the King was not popular there, for financial as well as political reasons. It has also been portrayed as peasant driven rising, however Engelbrekt had a noble's education and he was not opposed by the nobles of the realm.

Mars the ascendant ruler is trine Moon is the 8th, which is square to Jupiter in the 5th house of monarchy. The revolt was directed sapecifically against the the King and  the Union, not against the nobility. That both Mars and the Moon are debilitated may signify that the King neutralized the revolt by coming to agreement with the nobility (chief condition being that the governors of the country should be Swedes by birth, and offices like the marshal of Sweden should be filled).


Second Engelbrekt Revolt, winter 1435-36
The King treated the Swedish nobles high handedly after having concluded peace with the German states. Several exceptions were made to the condition of Swedish governors. Engelbrekt joined with the newly appointed marshal Carl Knutsson in a second revolt. (Engelbrekt was killed in a personal feud during this campaign.)

In the precessed solar return Day Lord Saturn ruling the 6th house of armed forces is opposite Hour Lord Jupiter ruling the 5th house of monarchy. However this conflict was also settled later in 1436 by enforcing the earlier agreement about native governors (with the exception of Åbo in Finland).


For the reconciliation in Kalmar between the Swedish nobility and the government, Jupiter ruling 3rd house of siblings (Sweden) is in the 1st house sextiled by ascendant ruler Venus in the 11th house. Day Lord Sun ruling the 11th of allies is in the 10th, perhaps it represents the invitation of Hanseatic and German representatives (outside friends) as arbiters. (Although the reconciliation happened without outside arbitration.)


Exile of the King, 1438
Kimg Erik of Pomerania had tried to secure the succession for his cousin Bogislav, but the nobility of Denmark refused to surrender their right to choose king. In 1438 the King went into exile to Gotland. There were peasant revolts in all three countries, and the King succeeded in retaining the allegiance of Norway, which sent a failed expedition into Sweden (Norway was a hereditary kingdom unlike the others).

In the precessed solar return Hour Lord Saturn ruling both 5th (monarchy) and 4th (masses) houses is in the 7th house, square Pluto in the 10th. Saturn is debilitated, which may reflect that the action did not accomplish any lasting results (Norway later saw fit to cancel its allegiance as well). King Erik settled for piracy from Gotland and Denmark and later Sweden elected Christoffer of Bavaria as King, (this may be the conjunction of ascendant ruler Venus and 11th ruler Sun in 10th house).


Secession of Sweden, 1448
When King Christoffer died, Carl Knutsson had himself elected King of Sweden in June 1448. There were wars with Denmark over Norway and Gotland, and it his reign could be considered constituting a separate government. However he was not popular in Sweden, and was defeated and forced into exile in 1457. The Swedes then accepted Christian of Oldenburg, which Denmark had elected King, to be their king as well.

In the precessed solar return Moon is Day and Hour Lord in the 3rd house of siblings,  opposite Uranus the esoteric ruler of the ascendant (the nation). The square to 3rd ruler Jupiter (esoteric ruler of the 5th house) could be an expedition against old Erik on Gotland (another sibling), which was the first action of Knutsson.


Battle of Brunkeberg, 1471
King Christian had levied some taxes, which were impopular in Sweden and had caused a number of revolts. However there was also internal fighting in Sweden and Carl Knutsson was recalled twice. Knutsson named Sten Sture his successor before he died, however the union party in Sweden did not recognize him. They controlled Götaland and the peasants of Uppland also belonged there, Sten Sture had support in Bergslagen and Stockholm. Sten Sture had managed to become elected steward by 1471, and later the same year King Christian came with a sizeable force to suppress the insurrections (together with mostly Danish but also Swedish nobles). The peasants of Uppland joined the King, however he was defeated by Sten Sture in a battle at Brunkeberg on October 10.

In the precessed solar return , Day Lord Mars ruling the 3rd house of siblings is in detriment. However it's trine to Pluto in 12th, which squares Saturn ruling 5th house of monarchy (and 6th of military). Sten Sture had some initial difficulties, however the victory was accomplished by subterfuge (12th house). Sture persuaded the King to a truce while he went inland and raised a superior force. In the actual battle the decisive moment came when the King's forces were attacked in the rear by a secondary force.




Sweden

That this decisive battle was regarded as settling the internal division of Sweden and therefore establishing a generally recognized autonomous government can be seen from that four days after the battle the bourgeoise of Stockholm requested that he change a law requiring half of the ruling council in towns to be German by birth (German influence was stronger in Denmark by this time, where some kings were Germans. The language of the military and the royal court was also German).

Although Sweden was to be eventually reconciled with Christian's successor Hans, in a separate agreement called the Kalmar recess the autonomous status of the swedish governing council was confirmed. According to this agreement, the King was not allowed to appoint new councillors, grant land, declare war etc. without seeking the approval of the council. It also gave the nobility the right to take up arms if the king neglected the agreement.

So since it appears to be possible to trace the unified central government of modern Sweden to this battle, I rectify the chart of the country from this moment on accordingly. (The event does not have to be spectacular as long as this condition is filled, if internal unity had persisted from Knutsson I would use that instead.)

It does present a difficulty in that Bailey does not indicate a personality sign, on the other hand the history is long enough to support a rectification. The Union as a political entity continued to exist for some time, however the reason this union could be presented in Bailey's table may be that there is a union on the soul level as all nations share the sign of Libra (it would then possibly relate most of all to a property of the territory, which could be an influence on the culture. In Bailey's books the natural world is portrayed as ruled and informed by spiritual entities called devas, which differ in quality depending on the territory). That the sense of common heritage did not die with the political union can be seen from that when romantic nationalism was popular in Europe in 19th century, in Scandinavia it expressed itself as Scandinavism and unionism.

Invasion by Russia, Summer 1495
The borders of Sweden in Finland versus Novgorod were unclear, and by 1495 Moscow had subjugated Novgorod and Pskov. In alliance with the Union King Hans Russia invaded Finland in summer 1495.

In the precessed solar return of Sweden, Hour Lord Saturn is in the 7th house opposite Mars in the 1st ruling 3rd house of siblings (Finland). Possibly Day Lord Jupiter ruling 7th house, trine Uranus in Aquarius (Russia) is the Danish-Russian alliance.


King Hans, 1496
The Russian war ended in stalemate, but in 1496 the Swedish union faction accomplished that the Council withdrew the stewardship of Sture the younger. Sture was defeated by a combination of internal enemies and invasions from Denmark and Norway, and Hans was crowned King of Sweden. King Hans had confirmed the Kalmar recess in 1483 in exchange for recognition, however the steward Sture had delayed the actual implementation.

In the precessed solar return of Sweden Saturn is Day and Hour Lord in the 5th house of monarchy. It rules the 3rd house of relatives and neighbours, and is quincunx to the Sun ruling 10th house of government and Jupiter ruling 5th house of executive. Ascendant tuler Mars is also exalted in the 3rd house.


For the Union chart, Day Lord Venus ruling 10th house of government and 5th house of monarchy is trine Moon ruling the 7th house of a foreign entity.The Union that established at this point was a formal union of a head of state, no longer an actual confederacy.


Invasion of Ditmarsken, February 1500
The peasants of marshy Ditmarskem had established a kind of republic, which was independent of both the German Emperor and Denmark and paid taxes to no one. King Hans decided to subjugate the territory by invasion, but he was ambushed while crossing a swamp by an inferior enemy force and the army was scattered in a disastrous battle.

In the precessed solar return of the Union. Pluto esoteric ruler of the 5th is trine to Day Lord and ascendant ruler Mars in the 5th. The objective was to establish royal authority, not some separate national aim. Pluto is opposite Saturn in the 7th house, ruling 4th house of popular masses and 3rd house of neighbours.


The battle can be examined with the lunar return. The campaign as a whole was successful until the ambush. Destructive Pluto is square to ascendant ruler Venus, which is conjunct 6th ruler Jupiter (army) and 11th ruler Sun (the King had allies from German Holstein, whose noble families suffered).


Sweden Revolt, 1501
The authority of King Hans was weakened by the outcome at Ditmarsken. The alliance of King Hans with Moscow of 1495 was revealed to the Swedes by a Russian embassy. Hemming Gadh was a Danish-hating theologian (the Swedish clergy as a whole had been generally pro union throughout the Union) who returned from Rome and began agitating as well. The Steward Sten Sture, Marshal Svante Nilsson, Hemmingh Gadh and Knut Alfsson began a revolt in early 1501. Knut Alfsson was a Norwegian knight who invaded Norway to separate it from the Union. The fighting continued until the death of King Hans in 1513 (involving later also the Hanseatic town Lybeck amd the Netherlands).
 
In the precessed solar return of Sweden,Day Lord Venus in the 10th, house, ruling 9th house of religion, is trine to Jupiter which is quincunx to Mars ruling 3rd house of relatives and 10th house of government. Mercury ruling the 5th conjunct Venus, may be the steward in this case. Hour Lord Sun ruling 7th is trine to Uranus in the 1st, perhaps the Norwegian alliance.


Razing of Stäket, 1517
Archbishop Gustaf Trolle was a political enemy of the Steward Sture (the younger). He had not attended a ceremony of swearing allegiance to the Steward in 1516, instead fortifying himself in his castle of Stäket. The Steward deposed the bishop and began sieging the castle. However in Europe at this time, the Catholic Church was sovereign in most states and only the Pope could depose bishops. The Union King Christian II manages to get the Sture party excommunicated by the Pope and begins hostilities in 1517.
However this was not any pious crusade, Christian II even lived openly with a concubine for a time while married and favored the bourgeoise of Denmark as well as commerce and later had Protestant symphaties for the possibility of confiscating Church property (Luther invented it this year). But it was a good excuse for war (it is known Christian II admired Machiavelli).

The siege of Stäket had been going on for a year and reached its conclusion this year, the important event is the renewed war with the Union King (Sture had also obtained political support for his actions previously). In the precessed solar return of Sweden Day Lord Venus ruling the 3rd house of relatives is square to Moon in the 1st house. Venus is in detriment, and the attacks by Christian II were repelled this year. Hour Lord Mars ruling the 9th is also in the 3rd trine to Neptune in the 7th, which also opposes the Moon. Neptune could be the more distant Pope. Ascendant ruler Sun is conjunct Mars and trine to Neptune, which could be the warm reception received by Papal arbiters in Sweden and also the support of other bishops in the deposing of the archbishop (the Pope was strongly involved, it was King Christian's delegates in Rome which had procured the excommunication).


Conquest of Sweden, 1520
King Christian II received a large dowry from the German Emperor in 1519 and raised extra taxes, for which he bought a large army of mercenaries (Germans, Frenchmen, Scots) and invaded Sweden in 1520. Steward Sture was wounded in battle and later died, and the country was occupied with the exception of the two largest towns Stockholm and Kalmar, which were besieged (the widow of Sture commanded in Stockholm and another noblewoman in Kalmar).

In the precessed solar return of the Union, Day Lord Saturn rules the 2nd house in the 2nd house. It is trine to Uranus in the 6th house of armed forces (the debilitation of Uranus may signify, that the mercenaries were unruly and even fought among themselves). The invasion itself could be Pluto's opposition in the 1st house to Hour Lord Sun in the 7th.


In Sweden's chart Day Lord Moon is exalted in the 6th house. Neptune in the 3rd is square, and is trine to ascendant ruler Jupiter which is quincunx to the Moon. Even though exalted, the Moon cannot resist a one-sided quincunx which signifies defeat. The general opinion in the country abandonded the Sture cause after the defeat.


Stockholm Bloodbath, 1520
At a reconciliation party with Swedish nobles, Christian II receives the document where the razing of the Stäket and the deposing of the archbishop was decided by the Council, from Sture's widow (in order to avoid incriminating only her family). He declares that although he has himself fogiven the named persons, they have been declared heretics by the Pope and must be prosecuted accordingly. In reality this is was a cover for the political retribution against the Sture faction. Possibly 100-300 persons were executed over some days, bishops, nobles and councilmen but the large majority ordinary citizens, retainers to Sture faction supporters or petty nobles. The nobility of Sweden survived mostly intact, however even several the King's danish retainers had a hard time believing he was serious and tried to save as many as possible. In Sweden Christian II has the epitheth the "the Tyrant".
At the same time a Sture noble named Gustav Eriksson Vasa had escaped Danish captivity via Germany and was in Eastern Sweden when he heard of the event and that there was a prize on his head. He went north into Dalarna and after some adventures roused the peasants against the King. Christian II was unaware and departed for Denmark. By summer 1521 the rebellion had spread to all of Sweden and the castles including Stockholm and Kalmar were besieged by the supporters of Vasa. Gustav Vasa also managed to get the support of the Council in exchange for some concessions to the Church, and was elected Steward.

In nthe precessed solar return, Hour Lord Sun ruling the 3rd in the 5th house of monarchy is trine to Neptune in the 9th. This seems to be the religious inspiration of the Union King (Neptune is also esoteric ruler of the 2nd house, and Christian II had plans for a grand Scandinavian economic union in order to defeat the Hanseatic League). The Sun squares both Saturn and Day Lord Mars. Saturn could be the Sture supports, in own sign in the 8th, who constituted in a way the intellectuals of Sweden. Saturn also rules the 9th, and bishops were the most prominent victims of the bloodbath. Mars could be the popular uprising of Vasa, which was also opposed by the old guard in the Council (Saturn) with some limited fighting (however the mercenary army had departed). 6th ruler Mars is partly debilitated on the cusp, however it is trine to Jupiter in 6th ruling 10th. Vasa succeeded in winning over the ruling class to his cause, mostly by propaganda. Jupiter also rules 7th house, and this could be support Vasa recived from the Hanseatic town Lybeck.


Civil War in Denmark, 1523
A papal emissary arrived in 1522 questioning Christian II about the bloodbath. He decided to sacrifice a close supporter to avoid blame, who was tried and burnt to death by the emissary. Discontent was mounting in Denmark, as the Hanseatic town Lybeck had allied with Vasa and was raiding the coasts of Denmark. He had also been in conflict with the Church, and had restricted the powers of the clergy. A number of bishops and barons declared him deposed on Jylland and invited the Duke of Holstein Frederik to be king, beginning a civil war. The bourgeoise of Copenhagen and other towns supported Christian II and were besieged, while he departed for the Netherlands to raise mercenaries. However his father-in-law, Emperor Charles V, was enaged against France and could not assist so Frederik established control over Denmark when Copenhagen fell late 1523.

In the precessed solar return, ascendant ruler and Hour Lord Venus is in the 9th opposite Pluto in the 3rd house. The 9th house could be the action by the bishops, as it was generally believed Christian II favored Protestantism. Day Lord Mercury is also in the 9th ruling 9th and quincunx to Pluto. Moon in the 7th house and Aries sextile Mercury could indictate the German foreigner who was selected king. Pluto is in the 3rd in Capricorn, which might signify trade, commerce, bourgeoise values. Pluto might also signify the Machiavellian values of Christian II (he has exalted Saturn conjunct  Pluto).


Election of Gustav Vasa, 1523
The governing Council of Sweden decided in 1523 to elect Steward Vasa as king (formal coronation in 1528), despite an appeal from King Frederik in Denmark for the preservation of the union. The tie with the union was in this way severed by the government in Sweden for good, and the state of Sweden gained formal independece. (Although in principle it was no different from the coronation of Knutsson, only this time it lasted.) Stockholm had surrendered a few eeeks earlier and Kalmar (the largest town of Sweden at that time) surrendered some weeks later after supplies from the Danish fleet were cut off.

In the precessed solar return Hour Lord Sun in the 1st house connects Saturn ruling the 5th house of monarchy with the Moon ruling the 10th of government. Saturn is opposite Mars ruling 7th house, which could be the appeal and subsequent apology of King Frederik (the appeal had been some days after the coronation).


Norway in the Union, August 1524
Norway was embroiled in internal conflicts after the ascension of Frederik I in Denmark and the formal secession of Sweden (since Norway was a hereditary kingdom, the election in Denmark was not automatically valid). Supporters of Vasa had also occupied some parts of Norway. In August 1524 after diplomacy by King Frederik, Christian II was declared deposed and Frederik I declared king. Although he was compelled to recognize the rights of the Norwegian nobility, it was politically limited to guaranteeing native governors and did not establish Norwegian autonomy with respect to the King. As Iceland was also part of Norway, it remained with Norway.

In the precessed solar return of the Union chart, Venus is Day and Hour Lord ruling 5th house of monarchy, and located in the 3rd house of siblings and relatives. Norway was now in effect the sibling of Denmark, and the unifying factor was the king. Mars in the 1st house ruling 11th house of friendship also aspects Venus, which could be the diplomatic effort by Frederik I to get Norway on board.


The Count's War, 1534
King Frederik I died in 1533, but the Danish nobles were unable to agree on a successor. His son Christian ruled as Duke of Holstein, however he was a declared Protestant and the Catholic magnates and bishops had majority at the meeting. It was believed he would attack the political influence of the Church, so the election of King was adjourned for a year (with the excuse that no Norwegians were present). However no regent was appointed either, instead the central government was allowed to fall apart and Denmark was governed through the seven bishopries.
However the mayors of Copenhagen and Malmö conspired after the meeting with the mayor of Lybeck to declare for Christian II, who was in captivity at this time (Lybeck desired a more co-operative regime for help against the Netherlands, who were encroaching commercially in the Baltic Sea). For the purpose the mercenary captain Count Christopher of Oldenburg (distant relative of Christian II) was hired. The Count landed at Sjaelland and captured the island together with the capital. Malmö and Skåne also joined him, however on Jylland the magnates after Catholic resistance decided to invite Christian of Holstein as king. The island of Fyn fell to the Count after some fighting. However Lybeck was defeated in Holstein, the peasants of Jylland were suppressed, Skåne deserted to King Christian III and after fighting Fyn, Malmö and Sjaelland were captured.

Although the solar return is close to a cusp, one can see that there is a problem from the masses against the government in Hour Lord Jupiter's opposition in 4th to Venus in the 10th. (If the time is valid, then Venus also rules the 2nd house of the landed classes, and Jupiter rules the 7th house of foreign influence.)





Denmark


Since the central government of Denmark had been allowed to distintegrate, the political continuity of the Kalmar Union also ended. The situation was chaotic for some time, with no generally recognized government. After the capture of Copenhagen, King Christian III took the first action of governance by arresting all bishops within reach on August 12 1536. At a meeting of the assembly in late 1536 the bourgeoise and peasants were chided for the revolution, but the clergy were accused of being the original cause of the civil war. So the bishopries were abolished and the holdings transferred to the crown. The bishops were replaced by superintendents, and the new Church Ordinance was approved by Luther in person. But the first act was the arrest, governance means that a governing body enforces its will on the population whether in the shape of lawmaking or in other forms (whether such a body needs to be elected or not is not relevant to this function, although it can modify the behaviour). Christian III was in a position to govern at this time.

Other decisions announced at the assembly were that the King also took the right to appoint his son as successor, which meant Denmark was no longer an elective kingdom. The formally independent status of Norway was also abolished, and it was to be regarded as part of the Danish kingdom (this supports the theory, that the Union had died as a political entity at the time of the Count's War and new arrangements were possibly subcosciously felt as necessary because of it).

Dacke Revolt, 1542
There had been some resistance to the Church and taxation policies of Gustav Vasa in Dalarna and Västergötland, but the most serious uprising occured in Småland. As punishment for an earlier aborted uprising there were large confiscations of land, which led many people to live as freebooters in the border forests. In 1542 the freebooters got a leader in Nils Dacke and spread the revolt across southern Sweden. (They also offered the crown to a descendant of Sture, in an earlier uprising another presumed descdendant had taken part.)

In the precessed solar return of Sweden Jupiter ruling the 4th house of the masses and mobs is about in the 1st house and square to the Moon in the 10th house of government. Jupiters detrimental status could indicate, that the revolt lacked force and the rebels reached a truce with the King despite having the advantage.


Siege of Viborg, 1556
There had been border fighting in Finland since 1554. In 1555 the castle of Nöteborg was attacked by Swedish freeboters, which was considered an actual declaration of war in Russia. An army of something like 10000-50000 is sent into Finland to besiege Viborg in 1556. According to the account of King Gustav, the Russians take flight when hearing the transportation of hay across an old bridge in the castle, which is interpreted as massive cavalry reinforcements. On the whole the fighting is low profile and limited in the war and peace is concluded the following year.

In the precessed lunar return of Sweden, Day Lord Mars in the 7th is square by esoteric 12th ruler Neptune (deception and confusion), which is trine to ascendant ruler Sun in the 6th.  Hour Lord Saturn ruling the 6th is debilitated and afflicted (the King estimated there were a million Russians).


Duke Johan, 1562
King Erik XIV (the numeral based on previous kings from half-mythological sources) succeeded his father Gustav, who had ordained that the younger sons Johan and Carl should be dukes with a large autonomy. However Erik enforced that this autonomy was to be denied them, whcih was never actually accepted by the dukes themselves. King Erik attempts to discourage Duke Johan, when the latter conducts an independent foreign policy towards Poland by marrying a Polish  princess although a state of war almost exists with the country.

In the precessed solar return, Day Lord Jupiter ruling the 3rd house, is quincunx by Hour Lord Sun in the 1st, which is trine to Mars in the 5th house of monarchy.


Nordic Seven Years War, 1563-1570
With Denmark one political question was that the Danish King had incorporated the heraldry of Sweden, in other words the three crowns into his arms. This was interpreted as a challenge and as a claim on the Swedish throne. Erik XIV also competed with Frederik II for a wife in the German states Hessen and Lothringen. Strategically they competed in the Baltic States with each other and Poland and Russia after the implosion of the Teutonic Order, following the reformation and divisions in Germany. In May 1563 a Swedish squadron was near Bornholm with instructions to damage any Danish ships it came across along while fulfilling its main mission. A Danish squadron came along and demanded they lower their sails to honor the Danish King. The encounter developed into a battle which the Danish adminral lost, and Denmark declared war. Militarily the conflict ended after seven years of border pillaging and massacres without any changes, when both sides had exhausted their treasuries.
In this year King Erik also decided to imprison Duke Johan for being in collusion with Poland and Denmark, and he sent an army into Finland which besieged the Duke and brought him back.

In the precessed solar return, Day Lord Saturn ruling the 3rd house is in fall in the 7th house, squared by Mercury ruling the 10th house. This could be the action against Duke Johan. Ascdenant ruler Jupiter is in the 7th house, quincunx by Venus ruling 6th in the 12th. This could describe the ambush (12th) and victory at Bornholm against the self-confident (Jupiter exalted) foreigners. The instigator of the war is disputed, but the 7th ruler is not directly involved so it's not certain King Erik wanted war.


In the chart of Denmark, exalted Day and Hour Lord Mercury, ruling 3rd and 12th houses is square to 6th ruler Jupiter in detriment. As Mercury rules the 12th where Jupiter is placed, the indication of an ambush by the neighbour Sweden is there as well.


Sture Murders, 1567
Although astrology was practised at this time in courts like that of Elizabeth I of England, Erik XIV was interested in it to such a degree that he cast his own horoscopes. He had interpreted, that a light haired man would depose him, the description fit both Duke Johan and Nils Sture, a member of the Sture family. As Duke Johan was already in prison, it is presumed the King's obsessions focused on the latter. He was imprisoned together with two other member of the Sture family and some other nobles in May 1567. The King murdered Nils Sture personally while imprisoned, but afterwards he had a bout of insanity and was mentally unstable (most of the other prisoners were killed by his henchmen without a trial).

In the precessed solar teurn of Sweden, Pluto is quincunx to ascdendant ruler and Day Lord Jupiter in the 10th. (As the quincunx is a one-sided aspect, it can manifest as a subconscious influence whose source is unknown.)  Hour Lord Mercury ruling 10th is conjunct Mars in Scorpio.


Revolt of the Dukes, 1568
While the King was insane, the Council had maanged to get Duke Johan released and he reconciled with the King. However the following year King Erik married his long-time mistress Karin Månsdotter, who had a simple peasant background. This alienated many nobles, and under Dukes Johan and Carl there was a revolt against the King (the youngest brother Duke Magnus also had mental problems). The King is informed of the revolt only a week after it occurs and is too late to quench, it, altough he personally defeats a superior force in battle. He is forced yo abdicate and Duke Johan becomes King (this fulfills the King's prediction of himself). He was imprisoned until death.

In the precessed solar return of Sweden, 10th and 5th ruler Mars is debilitated in the 1st house, and squared by debilitated Sun. From this it could have gone either way, but ascendant ruler and Hour Lord Moon is trine to Mercury ruling the 3rd house of siblings (the domains of the Dukes were in a sibling relationship relative to the country Sweden). Mercury also aspects Day Lord Venus ruling the 4th, which may be the successful propaganda of the Dukes.


War with Russia, 1570-1595
Ivan the Terrible of Russia decided to use the Danish Duke Magnus as proxy for a war against Sweden in Balticum (where Sweden had gained Estonia after the disintegration of the Teutonic Order, and Denmark the island Ösel). When the Duke fails, Russia itself declares war in 1572 and invades Balticum. Sweden is pushed back, however later in the war Poland and the Tatars of Crimea join Sweden against Russia, which means Sweden can advance relatively unopposed in Balticum and Finland. Russia's only Baltic port Narva is also captured.
The czars of Russia regarded themselves as superior to the King of Sweden, and considered that only the governors of Novgorod were his equals. Therefore they required that he negotiate only with the governor. In Sweden on the other hand the czar was regarded as the Grand Prince of Moscow. Although King Gustav had negotiated with the governor, King Johan refused and it lead to an exchange of insults with Ivan the Terrible which prolonged the war (the war ends only after both have died).

The war is a gradual escalation with sieges, plunder and massacres (Ivan the Terrible also employed similar guerrilla warfare through proxies against Poland). One milestone is the battle of Wenden where a Swedish-Polish force defeated a Russian army. In the precessed lunar return, there is Day Lord Saturn squared by 6th ruler Jupiter and 11th ruler Sun in the 1st house. Mars in the 7th is also opposed, and Neptune squared. Saturn could represent Russia as exoteric ruler of Aquarius (at this time), and Neptune the orthodox culture.


The following year Poland and the Tatars joined the war in earnest, tying the large army the czar had gathered in retaliaton for Wenden. Day and Hour Lord Jupiter and Mars are both in the 11th house of allies, square to Saturn and Neptune.  11th ruler Mercury is on the ascendant, sextile by 7th ruler Venus. Saturn rules 3rd house (the war conducted in a sibling of Sweden, however this year King Johan attempted to trade Estonia to Denmark as he had had enough).


For the capture of Narva, ascendant ruler and Hour Lord Mercury is square to debilitatred 7th ruler Jupiter (and opposite Pluto in the 7th)., and conjunct 3rd ruler Mars in the lunar return.


War with Sigismund, 1598
King Johan III had Catholic sympathies, and had for a while attempted to reintroduce Catholicism for political and personal reasons (his Polish wife was Catholic). However the attempts failed as the Pope made impossible demands, so he returned to being a moderate lutheran. However his son Sigismund was a catholic, while his brother Duke Carl was a reformed calvinist. When Sigismund was elected King of Poland and King Johan died, Duke Carl managed to get elected as Steward. He consolidated the opposition to Sigismund and tried to weaken the power of the loyalist Council (however Claes Fleming who controlled Finland supported Sigismund). In 1598 Sigismund departs from Poland with an army, together with members of the Council. A attack from Finland on Uppland is driven back by Duke Carl. Sigismund captures Kalmar and Stockholm and some Swedish forces join him, but after some fighting he is defeated by the Duke decisively at Stångebro. Duke Carl is later declared King.

Ascendant ruler Jupiter is in in detriment in the 7th house in the precessed solar return. It's quincunx by Mercury ruling 10th and Venus ruling 6th (Venus is also in detriment). Day Lord Moon could be either Moon or Neptune.


Kalmar War, 1611-13
The capture of Russia's Baltic port Narva had changed the political situation in Scandinavia, as the trade on Russia from England and Europe now went to Archangelsk in the White Sea instead. This meant Denmark could not as easily tax the ships, as it had when they were passing through the straits at The Sound and control of the coast towards the Arctic Ocean also became more important. Sweden expanded towards this coast in the peace with Russia, and King Carl IX also founded the town of Göteborg which enabled Sweden to partially bypass The Sound. There were also conflicts in Balticum, where Sweden taxed exports from Danish Ösel and blocked trade. Personally King Christian IV regarded King Carl IX as an illegimite usurper, and he managed to get his reluctant Council to declare war in 1611. Denmark was victorious and Sweden had to drop all claims to the Arctic Ocean as well as acknowledge the three crown in the Danish arms. Some territories including Göteborg were kept by Denmark in exchange for a large yearly payment (which was however paid).

In the precessed solar return of Denmark, Venus is on the ascendant quincunx to 3rd ruler Mars. Moon in the 1st house is also opposite Mars. Venus rules the 2nd house, which might indicate that commercial interests were a factor in the war for Denmark.


In the precessed solar eeturn of Sweden, there is Day Lord Mercury in the 5th squared by Hour Lord Saturn ruling 7th. From the position of Sweden, Denmark may have been regarded more as a foreign power and not as a lost sibling which could be claimed, so the 7th house could be more frequent in such interactions from the perspective of Sweden (Finland and Balticum were instead in such a position relative to Sweden).


Denmark in the 30 Years War, June 1625
The war between Protestants and Catholics in Germany had gone badly for the Protestants, with Catholic League General Tilly and the Emperor's General Wallenstein advancing to Northern Germany. In 1625 King Christian IV decided to intervene at the request of King James I of Great Britain.

In the precessed solar return of Denmark, Day Lord Jupiter ruling 7th house is squared by the Moon, which is trine to ascdendant ruler Mercury.

Invasion of Jylland, Autumn 1627
Christian IV had been defeated at Lutter am Barenberge in 1626 (I will not look at individual battles in this war, since Denmark and Sweden used the Julian calendar while Germany at least in part had switched to Gregorian). In 1627 the Catholic armies invaded Jylland after pacifying the Protestant allies of Denmark. Jylland was devastaded by the mercenary armies (including Christian IV's own retreating soldiers).

In the precessed solar return of Denmark, Jupiter the ascendant ruler, ruling 4th house, is opposed by Mars and Pluto.


Sweden in the 30 Years War, 1629
The war in Poland had been more low profile, as Sweden had attacked Poland while they were engaged with the Turks (which was widely disliked in Europe). Poland had also conducted a propaganda war since Stångebro. However in 1629 the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf had decided he was at war with the Emperor as well, since the latter had sent substantial reinforcements to Poland. After the Council agreed, an invasion force was sent to Germany with fanfare and propaganda.

In the precessed solar return ascendant ruler Jupiter in the 1st house (the King was also a Sagittarius) is sextiled by a number of planets in the 11th and quincunx Moon. Although it has been debated to what extent religion played a role, at least here Moon is in the 9th and could represent the Emperor's Catholicism. However the relationship from the 11th house is one-sided, and Jupiter is square to 11th ruler and Day Lord Venus. The Protestant lords of Northern Germany mostly did not join the Swedes, and Saxony even organized a neutral Protestant League and refused entry to them.


Alliance of Bärwalde, 1630
King Gustav II struck an alliance with Catholic France this year, which was to finance the remainder of the involvement in the war. Cardinal Richelieu in France wished resistance to the Habsburgian alliance of Spain and Austria (which blocked the expansion of France).

The Sun ruling the ascendant, is trine to Jupiter in the 7th house. Jupiter is in Pisces, which is the soul sign of France.


Battle of Breitenfeld and invasion of the Rhineland and Bavaria, 1631-1632
The Sweish army defeated the Catholic army of Tilly at Breitenfeld in September 1631 (Wallenstein had been dismissed by the Emperor in 1629). Howevewr it was also a year of military successes, Nurnberg, Frankfurt am Main, Mainz, Magdeburg, Munchen etc. were captured. Tilly is mortally wounded in an invasion of Bavaria.

Venus ruling the ascendant, is trine to Jupiter ruling the 6th house (in the 7th) and Mars ruling the 7th house. Some towns surrendered wuithout a fight, and Saxony also allied with Sweden this year (after Tilly invaded the country). (Jupiter is quincunx Saturn ruling the 4th, according to the custom of the time the army survived by ravaging the land.)


Battle of Lutzen and death of the King, Nov 1632
General Wallenstein was recalled in 1632, and marched against King Gustav II. A battle in November 1632 ends without a clear winner, however King Gustav II is killed in the confusion of battle. His minor age daughter Christina is proclaimed Queen and Axel Oxenstierna brecomes Regent.

Hour lord Saturn is conjunct Mars ruling the 5th house in the 12th of loss, and Jupiter ruling the ascendant is opposite Mars with Pluto in the precessed solar return of Sweden. That the 10th house is not highlighted, could be explained by that Oxenstierna and the Council had been responsible for many aspects of government such as foreign policy etc. while the King was in war. So the government was not particularly disrupted (Oxenstierna was in some ways similar to Richelieu in France, and after the death of the King became the most powerful Swede of history as he with relatives also controlled the Council).


Torstensson's War, 1644
The war in Germany had been going on and off, with France and Spain becoming actively involved (Wallenstein was assassinated by the Emperor). In 1644 the Council decided it was possible to gain territory closer at home, from Denmark. Denmark had also raised The Sound tax drastically a couple of times which had hurt the Swedish war economy, and Sweden had not forgotten the Kalmar war (Christian IV was also actively trying to mediate peace in Germany, in order to prevent any large gains by Sweden). General Torstensson marched from Moravia through Germany to the Danish border with excuses, and when he crossed the border and occupied Jylland it was a total surprise. Skåne was taken by Gustav Horn, but the Danish fleet prortected the islands. Christian IV lost an eye in a sea battle.

In Sweden's precessed solar return, Saturen is in the 6th quincunx Mars in detriment ruling 7th in the 1st house. Saturn could represent the army in Germany, and Mars in Libra Denmark (Danish chart). Ascdendant ruler Venus is also in the 12th (secret invasion), opposite Jupiter ruling the 3rd house of neighbours.


In Denmark's chart, Day Lord Sun ruling the 7th, is in 7th square Neptune in the 10th (the King?) and Pluto in the 4th esoteric ruler of the 2nd (The Sound tax?). The initial surprise could be seen from ascendant ruler and 12th ruler Saturn's trine to Mercury in the 7th.


The following year Denmark lost its navy in a sea battle against Sweden and independent Dutch traders. Since both countries used the Julian calendar, I assume the date of October 13th is old style for the battle. In the luinar return for Denmark, Day Lord Jupiter ruling the 6th, is quincunx by Sun in the 1st house trine Hour Lord Mars ruling the 7th. Jupiter is also partially in detriment.


In the following peace Sweden gained Jämtland in Norway (which had been considered Swedish), Gotland, and Ösel in Estonia.

Abdication of Queen Christina, 1654
Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated in 1645 as she did not believe women were fit to rule a country (she had herself masculine characteristics, some have speculated she was a lesbian). She travelled to Rome and converted to Catholicism. Although the solar return of Sweden invovles Mars ruling the 10th and 5th house, it's difficult to interpret. In my view it could be more of a formality than a major event for the country of Sweden, since it did not come as a surprise (she had tried once before) and she had prepared by getting Carl X Gustaf appointed successor earlier. Personally it was of course a momentous event.

Attack on Poland, 1655
Poland was losing badly in war against Russia. In Sweden it was decided between King and Council to grab what could be gained by attacking it (although the Poles tried hard to acommodate and sent an embassy of 160 nobles).

In the precessed solar return of Sweden, Mercury ruling the ascendant is trine to Pluto in the 10th, which squares Jupiter ruling 7th. Day and Hour Lord Mars is in the 1st house (war mentality).


Attack by Denmark, 1657
Sweden had become bogged down in Poland, and was also engaged against Russia. Russian ambassadors offered alliance to Denmark in 1656. During this Frederik III tried but failed to get the Council to approve war (finances were an objection). In Parliament 1657 new money was approved, and most of the Council agreed to war. However King Carl X Gustaf left Poland and marched through Germany to Jylland. Denmark had a new fortification, which had to be besieged.

In the precessed solar return of Denmark, the ascendant ruler Sun is conjunct Mars (war mentality). But that there is no connection to 3rd or 7th, could explain why the badly trained and equipped army of Denmark did not initiate significant hostilities beyond minor border warfare in Skåne and Norway. Halland had been seceded for 30 years in the previous peace, and this was occupied (Mars rules the 4th).


In 1657-58 there was a strong winter, and the Swedish army on Jylland performed a famous march across the ice to he islands with artillery and cavalry (the fortification on Jylland was taken by surprise assault). When they reached Copenhagen Denmark agreed to peace, and seceded what is now southern Sweden, the island of Bornholm and Trondheim in Norway.

In the chart of Sweden Day Lord Saturn ruling 7th in the 3rd, is squared by exalted Jupiter in the 12th (surprise attack). However Saturn is exalted, and when after the peace in August 1658 Sweden assaulted Copenhagen itself it failed (ascendant ruler Moon is conjunct Mars, and also opposite Saturn). The intention was to annex Denmark in order to secure the back of Sweden for good, but the action gets new allies for Denmark like the Netherlands and Brandenburg. In the renewed fighting Denmark regained Bornholm and Trondheim.


For Denmark in the march across the ice and the assault on Copenhagen, ascendant ruler Venus is squared by Mars ruling the 7th in the 7th (dignified). Mars is trine to Mercury ruling the 12th.


For Denmark in the repulsion of the assault (autumn 1658), Day Lord Venus ruling the 6th and 11th is dignified square to Moon in 7th. Jupiter ruling the ascendant and the 4th is sextile to Venus, the civilians of Copenhagen participated in the defence (which aquired a national character). Venus ruling the 11th could be that the Netherlands broke the sea blockade of the city in a battle in The Sound (and Austria, Brandenburg and Poland drove the Swedes oout of Jylland). It was not in the interests of others to see Sweden become more powerful.


Supremacy of the King, 1660
The status of the bourgeouise of Copenahgen had been strenghtened following the failed attack by Sweden. A request for new funds led to long debates which culminated in a determination to end the domination of the nobility by making the King supreme and the monarchy inheritable. The coup was successful, the power of the Council but later also the Estates or Parliament ended.

In the precessed solar return of Denmark, Day Lord Sun (monarchy) ruling the ascendant is in the 1st, trine to Neptune in the 5th.


War in Germany and Battle of Fehrbellin, 1675
The expansionist policies of King Louis XIV of France had caused Sweden to remain as his only ally. In 1674 he managed to get Sweden involved in one of his European wars. However in 1675 Sweden was defeated by Brandenburg in the battle of Fehrbellin. Militarily the defeat  was not significant, but politically it meant Sweden's reputation suffered and war was declared by the Netherlands, Austria and Denmark.

In the prec. solar return of Sweden, Saturn in the 7th house is quincunx Jupiter ruling the 6th (as the quincunx is one-sided, Jupiter has no defense against Saturn even though Saturn is debilitated). Saturn itself could represent Brandenburg which later became Prussia, and Aries Germany.


Battle of Lund, Dec 4 1676
Danish operations in Skåne were assisted by local insurgents.The battle of Lund saved Skåne for Sweden, and it was also the bloodiest on Scandinavian territory (5000 Danes and 3000 Swedes are killed).

Since both countries used the Julian calendar, the date is likely old style. In Sweden's lunar return, Day and Hour Lord Saturn in the 6th is opposite Mercury ruling the 7th, and strengthened by a trine to ascendant ruler Jupiter.


For Denmark, Neptune is in the 6th, quincunx by Pluto (high losses) and Mars ruling 3rd. Day Lord Moon could possibly veil Neptune.


Monarchy Supreme, Nov 1680
The Estates or Parliament demanded an investigation into corruption of the Regency during the minority of the King in Sweden. Another political question for the past decades was the transference of noble estates, which had been granted to the crown in exchange for services or money, back to the crown in order to increase state income. The Estates approved a significant reduction of the estates in 1680, and also concluded that the King was not dependent on the Council. The power of the Estates themselves was also in effect ended.

In the solar return of Sweden, Day Lord Sun is in the 5th together with Hour Lord Venus, which is trine to Pluto. Sun is square to Saturn ruling the 8th, which could represent the nobility.


Castle Fire, May 7 1697
The royal castle Tre Kronor in Stockholm burned down in 1697. It's significant for the country as a whole, since in addition to the royal family virtually all governmental institutions were also located there. The royal archive lost one third of its material (much of it medieval documents).

The date is most likely Old Style as Sweden still used Julian. In the lunar return Pluto is in the 1st house,square to Day Lord Mars in the 10th ruling the 10th.


Great Nordic War, 1700
August the Strong of Saxony had become elected King of Poland, and he concluded a secret alliance with Denmark and Czar Peter I of Russia against Sweden. Hostilities were opened in 1700 when he attempted to take the Swedish town Riga bordering Poland.

For Sweden's solar return, Day Lord Mercury ruling 7th conjunct Hour Lord Moon in the 8th, is square to Uranus in the 5th. Perhaps one can see from this, that the war was in some sense a personal challenge for the Swedish King Carl XII (the most famous of the soldier-kings). Denmark attacked his close friend the Duke of Holstein. He was out hunting bears when he heard of this and Riga, but immediately took the field (and stayed there for 18 years until his death).


For Denmark,  Day Lord and ascendant ruler Sun is opposite Saturn ruling 7th in the 7th. Denmark's hostile actions were limited to the invasion of Holstein this year, while the fleet blockaded The Sound.


Battle of Narva, Nov 20 1700
After neutralizing Denmark with the help of the fleets of the Netherlands and Great Britain, Carl XII sailed to Estonia where the Czar was besieging Narva (Peter I was concerned about Russia obtaining a Baltic port). Carl XII defeated the besieging force in a battle, with an army of 10,000 against 40,000-80,000.

Both countries used Julian so the date is Old Style. Pluto is in the 1st house, quincunx to Saturn ruling the 7th. Day Lord Venus is in the 3rd house trine to exalted Mars and Jupiter ruling 6th in the 7th (symbolizing perhaps activity and success in foreign countries, although Jupiter is debilitated Mars ruling the 5th and 10th is exalted and the daring of the King inspired the soldiers). Moon ruling the ascendant is opposite Saturn and quincunx Neptune (symbolizing earlier Orthodox culture in general).


Battle of Poltava, Jun 28 1709
Carl XII marched to Poland after Narva, in order to depose August the Strong. However meanwhile Russia recovered and took most of Estonia and Livonia including Narva and Dorpat. The Czar founded a new city in Ingermanland (partly with prisoners of war), which was to become St Petersburg. When Carl XII turned against Russia, the Russians burnt their fields in his path making him veer towards Ukraine to join up with rebels. However the winter of 1708 was quite strong and the army was decimated. When the Czar arrived to relieve Poltava, Carl XII had also been wounded and was unable to lead. Reinforcements had encountered a Russian force and did not arrive. Subsequently the Swedish main army was defeated (something like 12,000-17,000 against 40,000-45,000). This is the most famous defeat of Sweden, King Carl XII fled to Turkey and his army surrendered some days later.

This battle is considered somewhat momentous, in effect it meant the ascendancy of Russia at the expense of Sweden and more immediately it meant Sweden's allies in Poland were in trouble and renewed war with Denmark and war with Prussia. On the other hand it was fought on territory far away from Sweden. This could justify considering the preceding eclipse (with Old Style).

Neptune was culminating in the area of Poltava in the preceding eclipse, and Jupiter was beneath the Earth. Neptune may again be Russia, and Jupiter ruling the 6th house, is in the 1st house of Sweden.


Neptune was triggered by the preceding Full Moon by being  esoteric ruler of Cancer, trine to Pluto. Jupiter was squared by dispositor Venus (and in somewhat wide opposition to Neptune, three minutes outside orb).


In the precessed transit, Neptune is transiting the 7th house opposite Sun and Uranus in the 1st. Uranus is the esoteric ruler of the ascendant (see first chart), so it could be considered an event of importance at the soul level. Sweden was as consequence actually threatened with ultimate defeat, as the Russians occupied Finland in 1713-1714 and burned most baltic town except Stockholm.A danish invasion into Skåne was beaten back with fresh recruits. A planned joint invasion with Russia failed because of disagreements.


Death of Carl XII, Nov 30 1718
Carl XII stayed in Turkey 1712-13 trying to get the Sultan into war with Russia with partial success, meanwhile he forbade any attempted sessions of the Estates in Sweden. When he returned to Sweden incognito in 1715, he refused to consider ceding any territory in a peace. Instead he headed a major expedition against Norway. During a siege, he was shot and killed (there was and has since been speculation that one of his own assassinated him, reasons include negotiations about an alliance with the Czar).

In the precessed lunar return of Sweden (Old Style), Day and Hour Lord Mercury is in the 12th of loss, opposed by Neptune in the 6th. Neptune position in the 6th ruling 8th trine Pluto in the 10th could indicate, that maybe friendly fire can't be ruled out. The army immediately quit Norway after the death, as it was mostly the personal project of the king. His sister was forced to accept giving up the absolute rule of the monarchy before
suceeding him. In the following peace Sweden lost most of its posessions in Germany, the Baltic provinces and Karelia.


War of 1741
The new democratic constitution in Sweden caused political parties to be formed. The aristocratic party was in power in 1741, when Russia became involved in a grand European war as Austria's ally and Elizabeth conspired to become Empress. Sweden promised support to Elizabeth and attempted a surprise attack on Russia, which failed completely and Finland was occupied (Elizabeth got the throne without Swedish help).

Day and Hour Lord Venus is debilitated in the 12th, trine to Uranus which is opposite exalted Jupiter ruling 7th conjunct Neptune.Saturn ruling 6th is in detriment and afflicted, the military was badly equipped and prepared. In the peace Sweden cedes only a part of Finland, in exchange for nominating Empress Elizabeth's candidate as King (the widow of Carl XII died the same year).


Coup of Gustav III, Aug 1772
Sweden came to some extent under the influence of Russia and other powers, as vote buying in the Estates became common. On the other hand the the anti-war party was also becoming stronger and threatened the priviligies of the nobility. In 1772 there was a conspiracy among officers of the nobility, which involved restoring the power of the King. Gustav III accepted, and the Council was defeated in the bloodless coup and arrested. The King shared power only with the Estates.

In the precessed solar return of Sweden, Neptune is aabout in the 1st house, trine to Jupite and Pluto in the 5th, which are square to Mercury ruling the 10th. Neptune, Jupiter and Uranus are in detriment or debilitated, which could expalin the low intensity of the coup (but Mercury loses anyway by being alone against a coalition of four).


Attack on Russia, Jun 1788
Gustav III had ambitions on getting Norway from Denmark with the support of Russia. However as Empress Catherine II was unwilling, he instead deiced to attack Russia while it was engaged with the Turks in 1788. However the King required the approval the Estates to conduct an offensive war, to overcome that he arranged a border incident at Pumala. But the army was still mutinous and even lacked sufficient food, and refused to march on the Russian capital (a small group of Finnish officers also hatched the idea of Finnish independece and contacted the Empress).

Neptune is in the 1st house, in the solar return of Sweden, square debilitated Mars ruling the 7th (St Petersburg was practically undefended) and trine Hour Lord Saturn ruling the 5th. Day Lord Moon in the 6th is trine to Mercury which squares Pluto in the 5th.


Assassination of Gustav III, Mar 1792
King Gustav III had through illegal methods enforced absolute rule for himself after the war. The nobility was excluded from goveernment, and he had abolished the medieval institution of the Council. In France there had been revoltion in 1789. In 1792 maybe upto 3000 nobles are involved in a conspiracy, in whcich the King is assassinated during a party.

Day Lord Saturn ruling the 5th house, is debilitated and opposed by Hour Lord Jupiter in the 1st house, conjunct Mercury ruling 12th and trine to Pluto.


Battle of Copenhagen, Mar 1801
The Napoleonic wars raged in Europe, and Russia entered a pact of armed neutrality on the seas with Sweden and Denmark, directed against Great Britain for its actions against neutral shipping. In 1801 a British fleet under Hyde Parker and Horatio Nelson arrived at Copenhagen and initiated a sea battle in order to force Denmark to quit the pact.

Denmark was badly prepared, and many seamen had been arrested in Britain. Copenhagen fortifications were unfinished, and ships were hastily fitted for defense against the British who had twice the numbers of cannon and personnel and probably also a leadership advantage (Nelson). Despite this the battle was undecided, with higher losses for the British. In Denmark's lunar return 6th ruler Jupiter is exalted in the 1st house. Day Lord Moon is square Hour Lord Mercury, which trines 7th ruler Saturn. (Armistice was agreed on when Nelson threatened to blow up captured ships including the crews.)


Bombardment of Copenhagen, Sep 1807
As Russia and Napoleon came to an agreement, Britain was wary of Denmark joining them (in fact Denmark had been preparing to join England and Sweden, as it was believed Napoleon could only take Jylland but not the islands or Norway). In 1807 a British fleet came without a declaration of war demanding Denmark surrender its navy. When the government refused, the British landed 30,000 men on Sjaelland to surround Copenhagen. The town was bombarded from the sea September 2-7, until  surrender and the British sailed away with the fleet. Denmark and its ally Russia then joined Napoleon and declared war on Great Britain.

In the precessed lunar return of Denmark, Sun ruling the ascendant is opposed by Pluto in the 7th in Pisces.


Invasion of Finland, 1808
As Sweden was the ally of Great Britain against Napoleon, and Russia switched over to the latter in 1807 it consequently invaded Finland in 1808 after demands that Sweden participate in the continental trade blockade against Great Britain. The plan was for a Swedish counter-offensive in summer from the sea fortification Sveaborg, however it was commanded by officers who symphatized with the earlier cause of Finnish independence. The Russian commander managed to get them to agree to surrender if no reinforcements arrived in a certain time, while at the same time blocking all communications to Sweden. The fortification surrendered and the officers entered Russian service. With the loss of this fortification Finland was in effect lost to Sweden.

Saturn ruling the 3rd house of siblings, is Day and Hour Lord in the 1st house. Saturn could perhaps represent Finland whose soul sign is Capricorn. Saturn is trine to Pluto, which squares ascendant ruler Mars ruling the ascendant. So the bloodless surrender of Sveaborg and other desertations could be indicated. Although there was guerrilla warfare in some areas, the Czar named a Finnish Swede as governor of Finland in 1808 and the Finnish Estates hailed him as ruler in 1809 (before peace with Sweden had been concluded).


Separation of Norway, January 1814
After Napoleon was forced back in Europe, Denmark found itself on the losing side. Sweden managed to get the other powers like Austria to agree that Denmark should secede Norway in return for joining the allies. King Frederik VI was forced to agree, however most likely he counted on a revolt in Norway to keep the Swedes out.
His relative Christian Frederik conducted propaganda and managed to get himself elected King of Norway. However the allies like Great Britain insisted on the terms of the peace treaty, and Christian Frederik was forced to surrender and abdicate. The Swedish party of the treaty was ignorant of that Iceland properly was a part of Norway (since 1262), so it was not included in the treaty (nor Greenland) and remained with Denmark.

For Denmark's precessed solar return, Venus ruling the ascendant is in the 12th, trine to Mars in the 4th (popular sentiment). So a secret revolt could have been planned, since large shipments of grain were also sent to Norway (although commissioners of the allies concluded it was spontaneous). Day Lord Jupiter ruling the 3rd house of siblings, is square to Uranus the esoteric ruler of the ascendant. In Norway there was not undivided enthusiasm for continued Danish rule and the peace treaty was by soem regarded as betrayal (Christian Frederik was also forced to sign a constitution before being elected). It is possible modern Norway was born through an agreement with Sweden, since it retained an indpendent Parliament and only the person of the King unified the countries but it does not have an extensive history of events.


Constitution and Slesvig-Hostein, 1848
The question of Slesvig-Holstein had been an issue for Denmark since the Middle Ages. Slesvig had a large Danish population and was regarded as part of Denmark, although it became subject to the German Duke of Holstein. As lord of Slesvig he was in turn in theory subject to the King of Denmark in this capacity (as well as subject to the Emperor as Duke of Holstein), although in practise Holstein was the enemy of Denmark in several wars. Denmark tried to incorrporate Slesvig several times, but succeeded only after the defeat of the Swedish Carl XII in 1723 (although the Holstein family gained the thrones of both Russia and Sweden later, and Russia almost invaded because of it). In 1848 there was a wave of revolutions in Europe, and the Danish King Frederik VII was compelled to accept the end of absolute monarchy and a constitution. However the germans of Slesvig-Holstein wanted no part of a Danish democracy and demanded a separate constitution. As Frederik VII refused to accept Slesvig as part of any such agreement, they appealed to Germany for help and Prussia sent an army which together with Holstein forces occupied Jylland. After pressure from Russia on Prussia to back down and renewed fighting with  Holstein, Denmark ended up occupying Slesvig and Prussia Holstein.

Jupiter is Day and Hour Loid in Denmark's prec. solar return. It's exalted and trine to ascendant ruler Moon, one expression of Jupiter is freedom. Mars ruling 5th and 10th in 10th is in detriment and sextile to Jupiter, the King gave in after peaceful demonstrations (unlike elsewhere in Europe). However Jupiter is also square to Venus in the 3rd house of siblings, and Mercury ruling 3rd is in the 1st house square to Mars and quincunx Moon (the sentiments about Danish democracy were also shared to some extent in the other sibling, Iceland).


Constitution and Slesvig-Hostein II, 1864
In 1864 Denmark tried to pass a common constitution for Denmark and Slesvig, while Prussia and Russia were involved with a revolt in Poland and Sweden promised support. However the German reaction was strong, and when Denamrk failed to comply with an ultimatum to withdraw the constitution Prussia and Austria invaded Jylland and occupied it after some hard fighting. (Sweden's government considered that its military was not in a position to assist Denmark, and retracted the promise of the King). In the peace Denmark seceded both Slesvig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria. Later Germany controlled them and attempted to germanize Slesvig, however after WW1 there was a referendum in Slesvig which split the province between Germany and Denmark.

In Denmark's solar return, Mars is in the 1st house trine to Pluto. Pluto squares Moon, which is trine to Hour Lord Saturn and Venus. Saturn is exalted and rules the 7th house, and Venus rules the 3rd. The indirect relationship could explain that it involved only Slesvig this time for which there was not as much German feeling in general (except for Holstein), although Prussia had withdrawn from Holstein as well earlier. But Denmark's constitutional attempts were nonetheless in violation of an earlier peace treaty.


Disbanding the Estates, 1866
The Estates or Parliament decided to reorganize into a body of two chambers instead of four (peasants, bourgeouise, clergy, nobility) in Sweden. The absolute power of the King had ended earlier.

In Sweden's solar return, Sun ruling the 11th of legislative assembly (opposite 5th of the executive) is conjunct Saturn ruling 4th of the popular opinion and Mercury ruling 9th (and Mars ruling 2nd) in the 1st house.The one perhaps not very much is the nobility (maybe 8th or 6th), and the resistance was greatest there but it passed after the King swayed some heads (Saturn rules 5th as well).


Separation of Norway, 1905
Norway had a real autonomy, although the Swedish King nominally had veto over legislation. However this veto was also in effect overruled in a number of political conflicts. In 1905 Norway desired to have its own consulates, as the King resisted Norway in effect separated from his authority.

In the precessed solar return of Sweden, Sun and Mercury in the 1st house are opposed by Jupiter in the 7th ruling the 3rd. The ascendant ruling Venus is also quincunx by Jupiter. However Jupiter is not emphasized, and this was a formal end of a relationship and not likely the birth of Norway.


Autonomy of Iceland, Nov 30 1918
Iceland gained autonomy with a separate government in 1918 united with Denmark through the King, along with a flag. There had a movement in this direction since the 1860s, however de facto power had still remained in Copenhagen even though an assembly for Iceland had been created and the earlier agreements may have been to some extent deception on the part of Denmark.

In the lunar return for Denmark, Moon ruling the ascendant is in the 12th, quincunx by Mercury ruling the 3rd house implying a separation of siblings from the nation.


Invasion by Nazi Germany, Apr 9 1940
Hitler wanted to control Norway in order to prevent metal shipments from Sweden to Great Britain. In 1940 Germany invaded Denmark which was in the way, after Poland had surrendered. The resistance was silenced in a day, however the underground resistance grew as the war progressed (Germany installed a collaborating regime later). Though this the last formal ties with Iceland were also indirectly severed as it held a referendum and  declared independence.

In the precessed lunar return for Denmark,Sun ruling the ascendant is opposite Neptune esoteric ruler of the 12th (the attack was a surprise), which is trine to Uranus ruling the 7th conjunct Mars. In the chart of Germany the Nazis also seem to be represented by Uranus to some extent (that planet exalts in Scorpio).