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1 9 3 8

PART 1



INTRODUCTION:

The new formula for the 1938 - 1940 seasons was announced in October 1936. The main requirements of this formula were:
    1. A minimum engine capacity of 1000cc and a maximum capacity of 4500cc for cars without
        supercharger.
    2. A minimum engine capacity of 666cc and a maximum capacity of 3000cc for cars with supercharger .
    3. A minimum weight of 400kg to 850 kg on a sliding scale depending on the engine capacity.
    4. Free choice of fuel.
        The weight excluded fuel, engine oil and water.
The same formula was used in the American Automobile Association (AAA) in the Indycar Championship 1938-1956.

Supercharged Piston Displacement and Minimum Weight:
Increasing by 1.9280 kilograms/ 4.25 pounds for each 10 cc/ 0.61 cubic inch of displacement
      666 cc   40.639 cu. in.   400.000 kg     881.840 lbs.
      700 cc   42.714 cu. in.   406.555 kg     896.291 lbs. 
      800 cc   48.816 cu. in.   425.835 kg     938.795 lbs. 
      900 cc   54.918 cu. in.   445.115 kg     981.300 lbs. 
    1,000 cc   61.020 cu. in.   464.395 kg   1,023.805 lbs. 
    1,100 cc   67.122 cu. in.   483.675 kg   1,066.309 lbs. 
    1,200 cc   73.224 cu. in.   502.955 kg   1,108.814 lbs. 
    1,300 cc   79.326 cu. in.   522.235 kg   1,151.319 lbs.
    1,400 cc   85.428 cu. in.   541.515 kg   1,193.823 lbs. 
    1,500 cc   91.530 cu. in.   560.795 kg   1,236.328 lbs. 
    1,600 cc   97.632 cu. in.   580.075 kg   1,278.833 lbs. 
    1,700 cc  103.724 cu. in.   599.355 kg   1,321.338 lbs. 
    1,800 cc  109.836 cu. in.   618.635 kg   1,363.842 lbs. 
    1,900 cc  115.938 cu. in.   637.915 kg   1,406.347 lbs. 
    2,000 cc  122.040 cu. in.   657.195 kg   1,448.852 lbs. 
    2,100 cc  128.142 cu. in.   676.475 kg   1,491.356 lbs. 
    2,200 cc  134.244 cu. in.   695.755 kg   1,533.861 lbs. 
    2,300 cc  140.346 cu. in.   715.035 kg   1,576.366 lbs. 
    2,400 cc  146.448 cu. in.   734.315 kg   1,618.870 lbs. 
    2,500 cc  152.550 cu. in.   753.595 kg   1,661.375 lbs. 
    2,600 cc  158.652 cu. in.   772.875 kg   1,703.880 lbs. 
    2,700 cc  164.754 cu. in.   792.155 kg   1,746.384 lbs. 
    2,800 cc  170.856 cu. in.   811.435 kg   1,788.889 lbs. 
    2,900 cc  176.958 cu. in.   830.715 kg   1,831.394 lbs. 
    3,000 cc  183.060 cu. in.   849.995 kg   1,873.898 lbs. 
    
Non-Supercharged Piston Displacement and Minimum Weight:
Increasing by 1.285 kilograms per 10 cubic centimeters/ 0.61 cubic inches of displacement
    1,000 cc   61.020 cu. in.   400.000 kg     881.840 lbs.    
    1,100 cc   67.122 cu. in.   412.850 kg     910.169 lbs. 
    1,200 cc   73.224 cu. in.   425.700 kg     938.498 lbs.    
    1,300 cc   79.326 cu. in.   438.550 kg     966.827 lbs.    
    1,400 cc   85.428 cu. in.   451.400 kg     995.156 lbs.      
    1,500 cc   91.530 cu. in.   464.250 kg   1,023.485 lbs.    
    1,600 cc   97.632 cu. in.   477.100 kg   1,051.814 lbs.      
    1,700 cc  103.724 cu. in.   489.950 kg   1,080.143 lbs.    
    1,800 cc  109.836 cu. in.   502.800 kg   1,108.472 lbs.       
    1,900 cc  115.938 cu. in.   515.650 kg   1,136.801 lbs.    
    2,000 cc  122.040 cu. in.   528.500 kg   1,165.131 lbs.      
    2,100 cc  128.142 cu. in.   541.350 kg   1,193.460 lbs.      
    2,200 cc  134.244 cu. in.   554.200 kg   1,221.789 lbs.       
    2,300 cc  140.346 cu. in.   567.050 kg   1,250.118 lbs.       
    2,400 cc  146.448 cu. in.   579.900 kg   1,278.447 lbs.       
    2,500 cc  152.550 cu. in.   592.750 kg   1,306.776 lbs.      
    2,600 cc  158.652 cu. in.   605.600 kg   1,335.105 lbs.       
    2,700 cc  164.754 cu. in.   618.450 kg   1,363.434 lbs.      
    2,800 cc  170.856 cu. in.   631.300 kg   1,391.763 lbs.      
    2,900 cc  176.958 cu. in.   644.150 kg   1,420.093 lbs.     
    3,000 cc  183.060 cu. in.   657.000 kg   1,448.422 lbs.      
    3,100 cc  189.162 cu. in.   669.850 kg   1,476.751 lbs.     
    3,200 cc  195.264 cu. in.   682.700 kg   1,505.080 lbs.      
    3,300 cc  201.366 cu. in.   695.550 kg   1,533.409 lbs.    
    3,400 cc  207.468 cu. in.   708.400 kg   1,561.738 lbs.     
    3,500 cc  213.570 cu. in.   721.250 kg   1,590.067 lbs.    
    3,600 cc  219.672 cu. in.   734.100 kg   1,618.396 lbs.      
    3,700 cc  225.774 cu. in.   746.950 kg   1,646.725 lbs.    
    3,800 cc  231.876 cu. in.   759.800 kg   1,675.055 lbs.    
    3,900 cc  237.978 cu. in.   772.650 kg   1,703.384 lbs.      
    4,000 cc  244.080 cu. in.   785.500 kg   1,731.713 lbs.      
    4,100 cc  250.182 cu. in.   798.350 kg   1,760.042 lbs.      
    4,200 cc  256.284 cu. in.   811.200 kg   1,788.371 lbs.     
    4,300 cc  262.386 cu. in.   824.050 kg   1,816.700 lbs.      
    4,400 cc  268.488 cu. in.   836.900 kg   1,845.029 lbs.     
    4,500 cc  274.590 cu. in.   849.750 kg   1,873.358 lbs.     
    
    Table supplied by Don Capps
The object was to give small cars a chance to compete on equal terms but it soon turned out that all went for maximum capacity and maximium weight.

The new formula was a hard blow for the French attempt to re-enter GP racing. The French manufacturers, who during the 750 kg era had turned to sports car racing and had 4.5 litre engines ready, estimated that a ratio of 1 to 1.75 (i.e. 2.5 litre / 4.5 litre formula) was needed between supercharged and non supercharged engines to give the latter a chance at all, even with restrictions to normal fuel.

The constructors compensated for the loss of engine volume by increasing the engine revs and developing the superchargers. The new cars became extreamly hungry on fuel demanding huge tanks and several pit stops.

Rosemeyer's fatal accident on 28 January put a shadow over the whole 1938 season, just as Clark in 1968 and Senna in 1994. Mercedes was to dominate the races. Auto Union started off the season in confusion and it was not until September that they got their act right.

The political situation put its own marks upon the season. It was the year of the Anschluss and the Munich crisis and the Spanish civil war continued. Gone from the calendar were the Czech and Monaco GPs, the Donington GP was delayed for three weeks while Hitler and Chamberlain held their discussions and the German Mountainclimb championship was actually held in Austria for propaganda reasons.

The curious French racing politics continued. The Fonds of Course committee ignored the winning Delahaye team and prefered to support Talbot and Bugatti instead with a further million francs, thereby almost guaranteeing that the French should remain a second class nation in GP racing. Delahaye answered by boycotting the French GP.

The 1500cc Voiturettes continued as before and 1938 was a landmark in the motor racing as Alfa Corse introduced the classic type 158 Alfetta.


SEASON LINEUP:

Grand Prix:
Voiturette 1500cc:
    Alfa Romeo
    7 August 1938 Alfa Romeo returned to Voiturette racing with their new 8 cylinder Type 158 "Alfettas". The cars were entered by the Alfa Corse works team and raced during the rest of the season by Emilio Villoresi, Clemente Biondetti, Francesco Severi, Raymond Sommer and test driver Attilio Marinoni.

    Maserati
    After the takeover by Adolfo Orsi, Maserati concentrated on both GP and Voiturette racing. The team entered new variants of their 4CM and 6CM cars with improved suspension and bodywork. As works dirivers the team entered Aldo Marazza, Count Trossi and Giovanni Rocco. Luigi Villoresi raced in the beginning for Scuderia Ambrosiana but later moved to the works team.
          Other top Maserati drivers during the year were Paul Pietsch with his white works/semi-works 6CM and Swiss driver Armand Hug, whose fine season included two victories. British driver Johnnie Wakefield also started the season with a Maserati before changing to ERA.

    ERA
    During the 1938 season ERA was working on their GP project. The new car took most of the little company's resourses and soon it became clear that ERA never would have a chance to compete with the Germans. So in autumn 1938 the decision was made to finish the GP car as a Voiturette, known as the ERA-E type. For the team's Voiturette racing the GP project proved fatal. There was money only for upgrading one C type car to what was to be called the D type. For works drivers Raymond Mays and Earl Howe the 1938 was a season with little success and much disappointment.
          After the terrible Delage adventure the White Mouse Stable bought an ERA-C for the 1938 season for "B Bira" Other ERA privateers included Arthur Dobson and Reggie Tongue and later also Johnnie Wakefield after having destroyed his Maserati.


AIACR EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP TABLE



1 JANUARY 1938: Ugo Gobbato announces that "Alfa Corse" in the future will have the sole responibility for Alfa Romeo racing activities. All "Scuderia Ferrari" personal and equipment will be transhered from Modena to Portello.
1 JANUARY 1938: B Meyer (Riley) wins the South African GP handicap race at East London.
Click here for full results.
15 JANUARY 1938: Howe (ERA) wins the GROSVENOR GP handicap race in Cape Town, South Africa.
Click here for full results.
28 JANUARY 1938: Rosemeyer had a fatal crash during a world record attempt on the Frankfurt-Darmstadt highway. Click here for analysis of the event.
12 - 19 MARCH 1938: Auto Union held a test for new drivers at Monza with the following drivers:
	 Kautz
	 Kohlrausch
	 Bigalke
	 Zimmermann
	 Huschke von Hanstein
Kautz was selected as junior driver for the 1938 season.



      
CORONATION TROPHY
CRYSTAL PALACE - London (GB), 2 APRIL 1938 VOITURETTE 1500cc
2 x 10 laps + 15 laps final,

   1 "B Bira"   (ERA C)                       
   2 Wakefield  (Maserati 6CM)      
   3 A C Dobson (ERA B)   
   4 Hadley     (Austin)
   5 Maclure    (Riley 2L)
   6
 

3 APRIL 1938: Biondetti / Stefani (Alfa Romeo) wins the MILLE MIGLIA sports car race in Italy. (Results)
9 APRIL 1938: Dodson (Austin) wins the BRITISH EMPIRE TROPHY Handicap race at Donington, England.



   
GRAND PRIX DE PAU
PAU (F), 10 APRIL 1938
100 laps x 2.769 km = 276.9 km

No.DriverEntrantCarTypeEngine

2René DreyfusEcurie BleueDelahaye1454.5V-12
4Gianfranco ComottiEcurie BleueDelahaye1454.5V-12
6Rudolf CaracciolaDaimler-Benz AGMercedes-BenzW1543.0V-12
8Hermann LangDaimler-Benz AGMercedes-BenzW1543.0V-12DNS - oil pressure
10Jean-Pierre WimilleAutomobiles E. BugattiBugattiT59/50BS-8DNA
12Tazio NuvolariAlfa CorseAlfa RomeoTipo 3083.0S-8DNS - fire
14Emilio VilloresiAlfa CorseAlfa RomeoTipo 3083.0S-8DNS - withdrawn
14Giuseppe FarinaAlfa CorseAlfa RomeoTipo 3083.0S-8DNA?
16René Le BègueLe BègueTalbot150C4.0S-6DNA
18"de Maris"A EmbiricosTalbot150C4.0S-6DNA
20"Raph"Scuderia TorinoMaserati6CM1.5S-6
22Antonio NegroScuderia SabaudaMaserati6CM1.5S-6
24Dioscoride LanzaD. LanzaMaserati6CM1.5S-6
26"Daniell""Daniell"Delahaye135S3.6S-6DNA
28Maurice TrintignantM. TrintignantBugattiT35C/512.3S-8
30Yves MatraY. MatraBugattiT512.3S-8
32Francis BayardF. BayardBugattiT512.3S-8DNA


As a shakedown to the season proper Mercedes-Benz entered two of their new cars in the Pau GP. Both Mercedes cars suffered from clutch slip and oiled up plugs and the new five-speed gear box was more of a trouble than help on the street track. During practice Lang lost control and crashed into the straw bales. The team withdrew Lang's car and entered just one car for Caracciola.
      Nuvolari was in great form during practice but suddenly the new Alfa Romeo 308 caught fire as chassis flexing had ruptured the saddle tank. Nuvolari escaped with minor burns on his legs but was clearly shaken and the car was destroyed. As a matter of fact Nuvolari was furious and declared that he would never race for Alfa Romeo again. Fearing a repetition of the accident Alfa Corse decided to withdraw Villoresi's car. Dreyfus' Delahaye had shown good speed during the practice, being almost as fast as the Mercedes cars. Comottis Delahaye type 145 featured a radiator grille looking like a type 135, probably for commercial reasons.
      Making his race debut was 20 years old Maurice Trintignant. The organizers had accepted his entry, possibly to honor the memory of his brother Louis, but then became worried when realizing that he had qualified for a position in the middle of the field. Charles Faroux wanted to move Trintignant to the last position and changed his mind only on the condition that Trintignant during the race would not try to pass any one (!) and would keep a close look in his mirrors.

Grid:
Pole
6
Caracciola

Mercedes-Benz
1m48s

2
Dreyfus

Delahaye
1m48s

4
Comotti*

Delahaye
1m59s

28
Trintignant

Bugatti
2m04s

24
Lanza

Maserati
2m00s

20
"Raph"

Maserati
2m10s

30
Matra

Bugatti
2m05s

22
Negro

Maserati
2m21s

* 8 Lang (Mercedes-Benz) 1:49 DNS
Comotti took Lang's place in the grid!


(Note 1)



Race: Caracciola took the lead of the race followed by Dreyfus, Trintignant, lanza, Comotti, "Raph" and Matra. On the twisty Pau street track Dreyfus was able to keep pace with the leader and actually pass. Caracciola re-passed but by now the Mercedes team must have known what would happen. The fuel consumption of the Delahaye was about half of that of the supercharged Mercedes cars and the track had become slippery from oil and rubber making it impossible for Caracciola to use the power advantage of the Mercedes-Benz. With half of the race gone Caracciola came into the pits for fuel. The braking and gear changing on the Pau track had got Caracciola's old leg injury to make itself known and he gave over the car to Lang. Dreyfus took over the lead never to be challenged again as he was running on a nonstop strategy. Lang's car developed plug trouble but it is unlikely that the Mercedes team would have won that day even with a healthy car. The team had to admit that they had been beaten squarely and fairly. So Dreyfus went on to a sensational victory, taking the flag almost 2 minutes in front of Lang. Comotti was third in the other Delahaye followed by "Raph"'s Maserati.

Results

Pos.No.DriverEntrantCarTypeEngineLapsTime/Status

1.2René DreyfusEcurie BleueDelahaye1454.5V-121003h08m59s
2.6R. Caracciola / H. LangDaimler-Benz AGMercedes-BenzW1543.0V-12100+ 1:51
3.4Gianfranco ComottiEcurie BleueDelahaye1454.5V-1294
4.20"Raph"Scuderia TorinoMaserati6CM1.5S-685
5.28Maurice TrintignantM. TrintignantBugattiT35C/512.3S-883
6.24Dioscoride LanzaD. LanzaMaserati6CM1.5S-681
DNF30Yves MatraY. MatraBugattiT512.3S-840
DNF22Antonio NegroScuderia SabaudaMaserati6CM1.5S-69steering
Fastest lap: Rudolf Caracciola (Mercedes Benz) in 1m47.0s =
Weather:


 

18 APRIL 1938: Whitehead (ERA) wins the Australian GP handicap race at Bathurst.



   
CAMPBELL TROPHY
BROOKLANDS (GB), 18 APRIL 1938 FORMULA LIBRE
10 laps x 3.648 km = 36.5 km,

 
No race numbers or grid available

   1 "B Bira"       (ERA 1.5L)          73.70 mph
   2 A C Dobson     (ERA 1.5L)          +     1.6   
   3 Hyde           (Maserati 8CM 3.0L)
   ? L Villoresi    (Maserati)
 DNF de Graffenried (Maserati)              1 lap   

   Fastest lap: "B Bira" 75.71 mph



    
CORK GRAND PRIX
CARRIGROHANE (EIR), 23 APRIL 1938
33 laps x 9.8km = 323.4km, 19 starters.

The Cork GP had starts both for GP cars, Voiturettes and handicap. After the Pau GP, Mercedes Benz had intended to enter the Grand prix at Cork. Indeed the the race promoters, The Irish Hospital Trust, had visited Germany and Italy early in 1938 and met the racing departments of Mercedes, Auto Union and Alfa Romeo. Mercedes wished to enter but along with Alfa Romeo tried to pursuate the Irish organisers to run the race at a later date when the teams could better guarantee their entries. When the organizers insisted on a date of April 23nd, Mercedes dropped out, but Alfa did enter two cars for Nuvolari and Farina. These cars appear in the official race programme. However after the Pau incident Nuvolari had left Alfa Romeo and one car was badly damaged by fire. Rather than send a single car, Alfa withdrew from the race.
      So the main contenders for the GP race were the two Delahayes of the Ecure Bleue team, Wimille's new Bugatti T59/50B3, Bira's ancient Maserati, Evans' even older Alfa Romeo Tipo B and Gérard's non supercharged 3 litre Delage.
      Dreyfus started from the pole position but it was Bira in the Maserati who took the start. However, it did not take more than a lap for Dreyfus to put the Delahaye up into the lead. Both Wimille, who was struggling with the new Bugatti, and Comotti in the second Delahaye had to retire but Dreyfus dominated the race to take his second GP victory of the year. The French optimism for the rest of the season was high even knowing that the Germans had a huge horsepower advantage.

DNA: 1 Nuvolari (Alfa Romeo *2), 2 Farina (Alfa Romeo *2), 3 Rüesch (Alfa Romeo), 
     4 Staniland (Multi Union *5), 5 Ashby (Alfa Romeo), 6 (not in official list)
     Sommer (Alfa Romeo), 8 Thomas (Alfa Romeo), 9 ((not in official list, Alfa Romeo?),
     10 Snow / Featherstonhaugh (Alfa Romeo *6), 11 Schell (Delahaye *4), 
     19 H Berg (Maserati)

Grid:
Pole
12
Comotti

Delahaye

20
"B Bira"

Maserati

14
Dreyfus

Delahaye

7
Evans

Alfa Romeo

15
Paul

Delahaye

18
Wimille

Bugatti

16
Viale

Delahaye

17
Gerard

Delahaye

(Note 2)





Results:
   1 Dreyfus  (Delahaye 145   *4)    2:09:40
   2 "B Bira" (Maserati 8CM *7)     +   1:50
   3 Gérard   (Delage 3.0L?   *3)   - 3 laps
   4 Evans    (Alfa Romeo Tipo B)   - 3 laps
   5 Paul     (Delahaye 135   *3)   - 8 laps
 DNF Wimille  (Bugatti 59/50B *)     21 laps  piston
 DNF Comotti  (Delahaye       *4)    12 laps  oil leak
 DNF Viale    (Delahaye       *3)     2 laps  clutch
   
   *  Entered by Automobiles Ettore Bugatti
   *2 Entered by Alfa Corse 
   *3 Entered by Count Heyden
   *4 Entered by Ecurie Bleue
   *5 Enterd by W C Deveraux
   *6 Entered by J L Snow
   *7 Entered by prince Chula of Siam
   
   Fastest lap: Dreyfus  (Delahaye) 3:49 
 
    
CORK INTERNATIONAL LIGHT CAR RACE
CARRIGROHANE (EIR), 23 APRIL 1938 VOITURETTE
12 laps x 9.8km =117.6km, 11 starters

With ERA works team was not present, the favourite was Bira with his ex-works ERA-C. With a defect first gear Bira came last in the start but it did not take long before he had advanced to second behind leading Dobson. Then Bira passed and opened up a half a minute gap. Meanwhile Dobson spun but was able to continue. There was a hard fight between Luigi Villoresi (Scuderia Ambrosiana) and Wakefield (private Maserati) that ended when Wakefield overturned the car which run down into the river. Near the end of the race Villoresi tried hard to catch Dobson, but he did not succeed.

DNA/DNS:23 Howe (ERA), 29 Lurani (Maserati *), 
        37 Powys-Lybbe (Talbot), 39 Everitt (MG)

Grid:
Pole
34
Wakefield

Maserati

24
Dobson

ERA

22
"B Bira"

ERA

30
L Villoresi

Maserati

35
Hanson

Maserati

26
Connell

ERA

27
Wilson

ERA

28
Rolt

ERA

32
Hug

Maserati

33
Soffietti

Maserati

25
Tongue

ERA

21
Berg

Maserati

31
de Graffenried

Maserati

38
Prestwick

MG

36
O'Boyle

Alta



Results: 
   1 "B Bira"       (ERA C)              47:55.0           
   2 Dobson         (ERA B)             + 1:40.2
   3 L Villoresi    (Maserati 6CM *)    + 1:40.4
   4 Wilson         (ERA A)             + 4:53
   5 Hug            (Maserati 4CM *3)   + 5:33
   6 Soffietti      (Maserati 4CM *4)   + 9:01
 DNF Wakefield      (Maserati 6CM)        ? laps  crash
 DNF Hanson         (Maserati 6CM *5)     8 laps
 DNF Prestwick      (MG K3 Magnette 1.1L) 5 laps  
 DNF Rolt           (ERA B)               2 laps
 DNF Connell        (ERA B)               2 laps
 DNF O'Boyle        (Alta)                0 laps
 DNS?de Graffenried (Maserati 4CM *2)
 DNS?Tongue         (ERA B)
 DNS?H Berg         (Maserati 6CM)

   *  Entered by Scuderia Ambrosiana
   *2 Entered by John du Puy
   *3 Entered by Ecurie Helvetia
   *4 Entered by Scuderia Subaura
   *5 Entered by Mrs Hall-Smith

   Fastest lap:  "B Bira" (ERA) 3:56



    
I CIRCUITO DE GÁVEA NACIONAL
GÁVEA - Rio de Janeiro (BRA), 9 MAY 1938
20 laps x 11.16 km = 223.2 km


No race numbers or grid available.

Results:
   1 Nascimento Jr  (Alfa Romeo Tipo B 2.9L )  
   2 F Landi        (Alfa Romeo)    
   3 Cañeto         (Alfa Romeo)  
   4 de Avellar     (Ford V8)    
   5 Valentim       (Ford V8) 
 DNF Norberto Jung (BR)      (Ford)  ? lap  engine
 DNF Domingos Lopes (BR)     (Hudson) 
 DNF Antonio Botelho (BR)    (OM-Chrysler)  accident
 DNF Gino Bianco (BR)        (Bugatti-Chrysler) lap 1  accident
  ? Ângelo Gonçalves (BR)    (Ford)
  ? Ângelo Villa Franca (BR) (Stutz)
  ? Antônio Castello (BR)    (Chrysler)
  ? Círio Burlini (BR)       (Fiat-Wanderer)
  ? George A. Macedo (BR)    (Alfa Romeo)
  ? Maurício Carvalho (BR)   (Fiat)
  ? Paulo Carvalho (BR)      (Chrysler)
  ? Quirino Landi (BR)       (Fiat)
  ? Rubem Abrunhosa (BR)     (Bugatti-Studebaker)
  ? Serafim Rodrigues (BR)   (Ford)

  Fastest lap: ?
 

7 MAY 1938: Maclure (Riley 1.7L) wins the JCC INTERNATIONAL TROPHY handicap race at Brooklands, England. Two spectators died and several were injured after a Delage collided with another car and rolled over the safety bank.
10 - 14 MAY 1938: Auto Union held their yearly test for new drivers at Nürburgring with the following results:
    
	 Kluge                  11.01
	 Bigalke                11.04
	 Zimmermann             11.37
	 Huschke von Hanstein   12.40
	 Kohlrausch             DNS
 
Kluge and Bigalke were selected as reserve drivers for the 1938 season.


FOOTNOTES:
    1. Film evidence shows this to be the correct grid (definitely!) with Comotti starting to the right on Lang's grid position rather than to left. As I had mistaken Lanza for Negro earlier, my previous grid was completely wrong.

    2. Film evidence shows this to be the correct grid (mirror of Sheldon) with thanks to Anthony Taylor.



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