|
Geography
and Morphology
Waters can be divided into four categories:
i)
rivers, ii)
lakes,
iii)
transitional waters, and iv)
coastal waters. However, wetlands as transitional ecotones between land and water are not defined as a separate water category or water body type because
they are ecologically and functionally parts of the water environment as hydromorphological quality elements with potential to play important role as parts of the riparian zones of rivers, shore zones of lakes and tidal zones of transitional and coastal waters in achieving
sustainability in river and lake basin management. In the table, waters are divided into lakes, reservoirs (R) and wetland areas (w).
Sumatra
In Sumatra, Lake
Toba is an important and interesting volcanic lake. It is formed in various
stages. In the first stage the huge volcanic dome, so called "Batak
Tumor", was blown off, and literally about 2,000 cubic km of soil
went with the wind compared to 1.5 cubic km in the well known Krakatau
explosion. Later, as result of tectonic activity the Samosir Island grew in the
lake and was later connected, after underwater eruptions, with a narrow neck of
land to the Sumatra Island (Bemmelen 1930).
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open
or closed
(Draw
down, m)
|
|
Tawar Laut
|
Tectonic
|
1100
|
ND
|
70.0
|
80
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Toba
|
Crater
|
905
|
3698.5
|
1130
|
590
|
240
|
Open
|
|
Maninjau
|
Caldera
|
459
|
248.0
|
97.9
|
169
|
10.4
|
Open
|
|
Siak Kecil (w)
|
Phytogenic
|
10
|
ND
|
90.0
|
5
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Dibawah
|
Tectonic
|
1462
|
30.0
|
11.2
|
309
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Singkarak
|
Tectonic
|
362
|
1976.0
|
107.8
|
268
|
24
|
Open
|
|
Diatas
|
Tectonic
|
1531
|
ND
|
12.3
|
44
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Kerinci
|
Tectonic-
Volcanic
|
710
|
ND
|
46.0
|
97
|
1.6
|
Open
|
|
Ranau
|
Tectonic-
Volcanic
|
540
|
ND
|
125.9
|
229
|
22.0
|
Open
|
|
Jembawan (w)
|
Floodplain
|
ND
|
ND
|
ND
|
ND
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Ogan-
Komering (w)
|
Floodplain
|
20
|
ND
|
2000
|
5
|
ND
|
Open
|
Kalimantan
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open
or closed
(Draw
down, m)
|
|
Sentarum
(w)
|
Floodplain
|
35
|
ND
|
275.0
|
8
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Bangkau
(w)
|
Floodplain
|
10
|
ND
|
20.0
|
4.5
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Riam Kanan (R)
|
Reservoir
|
ND
|
ND
|
92.0
|
ND
|
1.2
|
Open (8)
|
|
Semayang
(w)
|
Floodplain
|
5
|
2430.0
|
120.0
|
6
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Jempang
(w)
|
Floodplain
|
50
|
ND
|
450.0
|
6
|
ND
|
Open
|
Java
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open
or closed
(Draw
down, m)
|
|
Rawa Danau
|
Volcanic
|
115
|
226.2
|
4.9
|
13
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Saguling (R)
|
Reservoir
|
645
|
3343.0
|
53.4
|
90
|
0.93
|
Open (20)
|
|
Cirata (R)
|
Reservoir
|
200
|
6032.0
|
62.0
|
106
|
2.16
|
Open (20)
|
|
Jatiluhur
(R)
|
Reservoir
|
111
|
6590.0
|
83.0
|
90
|
2.97
|
Open (32)
|
|
Darma (R)
|
Reservoir
|
670
|
ND
|
4.0
|
14
|
0.004
|
Open (-)
|
|
Mrica
(R)
|
Reservoir
|
200
|
ND
|
70.0
|
100
|
ND
|
Open (-)
|
|
Sempor
(R)
|
Reservoir
|
100
|
43.0
|
29.0
|
42
|
0.052
|
Open (29)
|
|
Dieng Plateau
|
Crater
|
2000
|
ND
|
3.8
|
88
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Rawa
Pening
|
Semi-
natural
|
463
|
282.0
|
25.0
|
14
|
0.052
|
Open
|
|
Kedung Ombo (R)
|
Reservoir
|
100
|
ND
|
46.0
|
90
|
0.72
|
Open (25)
|
|
Telaga Merdada
|
Crater
|
1900
|
ND
|
0.22
|
4.5
|
ND
|
Closed
|
|
Telaga
Ngebel
|
Crater
|
730
|
ND
|
1.5
|
46
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Lahor
(R)
|
Reservoir
|
270
|
160.0
|
2.6
|
30
|
0.037
|
Open (19)
|
|
Sutami (R)
|
Reservoir
|
270
|
2050.0
|
15.0
|
50
|
0.34
|
Open (26)
|
|
Wlingi (R)
|
Reservoir
|
163
|
ND
|
3.8
|
6
|
0.024
|
Open (2)
|
|
Selorejo (R)
|
Reservoir
|
620
|
ND
|
4.0
|
32
|
0.062
|
Open (24)
|
|
Lamongan
|
Volcanic
|
240
|
ND
|
0.35
|
32
|
0.0065
|
Open
|
|
Telaga Pasir
|
Crater
|
1290
|
ND
|
0.3
|
35
|
0.003
|
Open
|
|
Pakis
|
Crater
|
204
|
ND
|
0.5
|
158
|
0.0345
|
Open
|
|
Klindungan
|
Crater
|
10?
|
ND
|
1.9
|
134
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Bedali
|
Crater
|
150
|
ND
|
0.12
|
10.5
|
ND
|
Open
|
Bali
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open
or closed
(Draw
down, m)
|
|
Palasari (R)
|
Reservoir
|
80
|
ND
|
3.0
|
36
|
0.006
|
Open (-)
|
|
Tamblingan
|
Caldera
|
1214
|
ND
|
1.9
|
90
|
0.027
|
Closed
|
|
Buyan
|
Caldera
|
1214
|
24.1
|
3.67
|
87
|
0.116
|
Closed
|
|
Bratan
|
Caldera
|
1231
|
ND
|
3.85
|
22
|
0.049
|
Closed
|
|
Batur
|
Caldera
|
1031
|
ND
|
15.9
|
88
|
0.82
|
Closed
|
Lombok
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open or closed
|
|
Segara Anak
|
Crater
|
2008
|
ND
|
11.3
|
190
|
ND
|
Open
|
Flores
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open or closed
|
|
Tigawarna
|
Crater
|
1410
|
ND
|
0.4
|
60
|
ND
|
Closed
|
Sulawesi
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open or closed
|
|
Tondano
|
Crater
|
600
|
846.0
|
50.0
|
20
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Limboto (w)
|
Floodplain
|
25
|
920.0
|
56.0
|
2.5
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Lindu
|
Tectonic
|
1000
|
ND
|
32.0
|
100
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Poso
|
Tectonic
|
485
|
ND
|
323.2
|
450
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Rawa Aopa (w)
|
Floodplain
|
50
|
ND
|
380.0
|
6
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Towuti
|
Tectonic
|
293
|
ND
|
561.1
|
203
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Mahalona
|
Tectonic
|
310
|
ND
|
24.2
|
73
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Matano
|
Tectonic
|
382
|
ND
|
164.1
|
590
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Tempe (w)
|
Floodplain
|
5
|
4654.0
|
350.0
|
5
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Sidenreng (w)
|
Floodplain
|
6
|
ND
|
200.0
|
4
|
ND
|
Open
|
Irian Jaya
|
Lake
|
Type
|
Altitude, m
|
Drainage area, km2
|
Lake area, km2
|
Depth, m
|
Volume, km3
|
Open
or closed
|
|
Amaru
|
Solution
|
250
|
ND
|
22.0
|
20
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Gigi
|
Solution
|
1780
|
ND
|
46.9
|
ND
|
ND
|
Closed
|
|
Laamora
|
Solution
|
400
|
ND
|
62.1
|
50
|
ND
|
Closed
|
|
Paniai
|
Tectonic
|
1742
|
ND
|
195.5
|
50
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Rombebai (w)
|
Floodplain
|
10
|
ND
|
149.0
|
ND
|
ND
|
Open
|
|
Sentani
|
Landslide dam
|
70
|
ND
|
93.6
|
42
|
ND
|
Open
|
BACK
|