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Western influences in Hungary at 1000 – 1526
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Preface
My own costume was English, Bourgogne or Italian style short velvet jacket, and wool hoses, with chaperon in my head.
Since most of the re-enactors seem to emphasize an eastern influence in Hungary, my aim is to try attest that western influence has been very strong.
Period of the study is located between Hungarian immigration and Turkish conquest.
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- 1000
The Hungarians, with the subsidiary military forces who joined them, took possession of their present home between 895 - 900. At that time they were living within the bounds of a tribal alliance, but under a unified leadership. In the sources, the expression "hétmagyar" (the seven Hungarians) refers to the Hungarian nation coming to existence from the alliance of the seven tribes. In fact, however, their number must have been at least ten, including the three tribes of the "Kabars". The alliance had two commanders - after the pattern of the Khazar Kaganate. The supreme command was exercised by the "kende" or "kündü", and the other commander, the "gyula", was in charge of military campaigns, the other main concern of governing. This political structure is called double principality.
After the Emperor Otto I defeated the Magyars at Lechfeld in 955, Christianity began to permeate the Magyar leadership, culminating in the acceptance of Catholic Christianity by the Arpad line under Geza in 975. Settling the relationship with the Germans was an extremely important issue: his son, Vajk, who received the name István after baptism, married Gizella, daughter of Bavarian prince, Henry the Wrangler, and hereby he became the new Bavarian prince, Henry IV's brother-in-law. His third daughter was married to Otto Orseolo, the Doge of Venice.
The Hungarian chief prince needed the political, moral and occasional military help of the German empire because of the Byzantine threat. Adopting Christianity was both a cultural and a political event for the Hungarians.
Chief prince Géza relied first and foremost on the clergymen and German knights in his immediate entourage to carry out his plans. To realize his strive for centralisation he needed the help of his strong military escort. He replaced the pagan tribal leaders and heads of clans with Christian German knights, who supported him loyally, and who were likely to get the property of the rebelling leaders. These knights formed the center of the heavily armed forces. The Hungarian soldiers were equipped only with light weapons. Subsidiary troops might have belonged to the military force of the principality, like the Petcheneg soldiers among others.
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1000-1100
István was prepared for the attack, too: before the battle his followers authorised him to be chief prince by girding a sword on him. With this army - which consisted of Hungarian and foreign troops as well - he left the fortress of Esztergom for Veszprém. The leaders of István's guardsmen were Hont and Pázmány, German "principles". The Swabian guest (hospes), Vecellin took the lead of the army, and he killed Koppány near Veszprém during the battle.
The foreigners who were staying at the court arrived in the country with Gizella, and their role was very important; not only in armed fights, but in other respects as well. Their activity in the church and politics was of equal importance: the ruler followed their advice in governing the country. During the organising of the castle districts and counties, the developed western form made its way into public administration. Centers that guaranteed the king's power had to be established, and these centers were the castles.
In the autumn of 1000 he sent ministers to the Pope to ask for a crown and the royal title. It was important for him to ask support from the Pope, and not the German ruler, because by doing so he did not become the vassal of the German empire - though in respect of the church he depended on Rome. Pope Sylvester II - in concert with the German ruler, Otto III - fulfilled István's request.
Their defeat in 996 brought about great changes in Hungarian foreign policy. The tribal leaders "replaced" Fajsz with Taksony, to take the lead of the tribal alliance. He made a radical change in Hungarian foreign policy and its direction. He put an end to the plundering campaigns, and he chose defence instead of attacks. He strengthened the western border zones, and invited Petcheneg soldiers into the country. Hungarian-German relations still remained tense. Taksony, sometimes taking even territorial losses (e.g.: giving up Northern Moravia), attempted to avoid war and maintain peace with the west.
At the time of its foundation, the Hungarian kingdom preserved its freedom and sovereignity. István strengthened his power by minting money, framing laws and issuing diplomas. Minting money in Hungary was made after German patterns. The German influence could be noticed also in legislation. Two law-books are attributed to István.
In Ajtony's territory county Csanád was organised, and in 1038 the episcopacy of Csanád was set up, the prelate of which was Gerald from Venice. As a result of a series of military victories, István managed to unite the Carpathian Basin both politically and religiously. Arranging home affairs required tremendous energy, thus he followed his father's policy concerning foreign affairs. He entered into alliance with the German empire, Venice and Byzantium.
After 1018 István, a respected ruler throughout contemporary Europe, opened the Hungarian section of the pilgrims' route to Jerusalem, offering protection to the travellers. As a result, Hungary could join the economic, political and intellectual circulation between the eastern and western parts of Europe.
In 1030 there was a German attack against the country, led by emperor Konrad, and at the same time the Czechs also launched an attack. The German emperor wanted to make Hungary its vassal and restore the former borders of the Carolingian Empire. The German army, however, suffered a defeat. During the pursuit István took over Vienna, as well. The peace signed by the Hungarians, Germans and the Czechs in 1031 granted Hungary territorial growth along the Lajta and Morva rivers.
In 1031 the royal family had to face a disaster: prince Imre died in course of a wild-boars hunt. Prince Imre had been carefully groomed for the throne, tutored by a learned Venetian monk, the later martyred St Gellért. After Imre's death, István had to look for a new successor. Finally he chose his nephew, Peter of Orseolo, who was born from his sister's marriage to the Venetian Doge, and who had been living in the Hungarian royal court after his father's fall in Italy. István adopted him as his son.
István I of Hungary was canonized in 1073.
After the civil war ensuing on Istváns death, László II restored order (1077-95) and closely allied Hungary with the imperial throne and the papacy (not an easy balancing game). László II was canonized in 1192.
Initially, leather-work was considered as an activity only done by women. The basic material was sheep- and rarely cattle-skin. From ancient tanning methods, the Hungarians used grease- and alum-tanning. Alummed Hungarian leather soaked in warm tallow became famous throughout Europe. Primarily it was used for making harness (saddle, bridle and reins). (Alummed leather was called Hungarian-style currying by the French in the Middle Ages.)
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1100-1200
László's line continued close relations with the major European powers.
Coloman (1095-1116) - known as the Bookish since, of unimposing physique, he had originally been intended for the Church and was, doubtless, literate - who entertained Godfrey of Bouillon and his entourage on their way to the First. He is mainly memorable for the extensive legislation of his reign - including a decree that forbade the persecution of witches quia strigiis non sunt - and also because, having married the Norman Brusilla of Sicily, he took possession of the Dalmatian coastline of the Adriatic for Hungary (wisely permitting the trading cities of the littoral to retain their self-governing status).
Béla (the Blind) II (1131-1141)
Béla III (1172-96) was educated, until he was past twenty, in Constantinople at the Court of Manuel lI Comnenos, a kinsman through his mother Irene, an Árpád princess by birth. Béla III thoroughly reorganised the country's government, in line with Byzantine administrative practice. His revenues - listed in a document now in the Bibliothčque Nationale at Paris, probably compiled when he married Margaret Capet, a daughter of Louis VII of France - would appear to have equalled or even exceeded the revenues of the contemporary Kings of France or England. Hungary was rich, in part, because it accounted for a significant proportion of the gold, silver, and copper mined in Europe throughout most of the Middle Ages. His first wife was Anne de Chatillon and the second Margaret Capet. These two women introduced the French style at the court, where Frederick Barbarossa was received in a manner worthy of his rank. With the king as their example, the barons increasingly followed the fashion trends of Europe, which to no small extent contributed to Hungary's participation in world commerce.
Many of the monks were foreigners, chiefly Germans, but some of them Italians or Frenchmen. Their presence had helped to raise the cultural standards of the country, and had also assisted it to make important progress in other fields. By the middle of the twelfth century, agriculture was beginning to go over from stock-breeding to arable farming and viticulture. There were already some towns.
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1200-1300
His first wife, Gertrude of Merano, was killed by a conspiracy of chief nobles, who were shocked by the life of luxury she carried on with her foreign companions at the court. About 1221, Villard de Honnecourt, the French architect from Picardy, prepared Gertrude's tomb at Pilisszentkereszt.
Andrew's son, Bela IV (1235-1270), tried, with the help of a handful of his supporters, to restore the king's former authority and power without much success. Thus, Hungary lived in a "happy feudal anarchy" at exactly the time when in Asia a new world power, the Mongol Empire, began to expand toward Europe.
In 1241/1242, this kingdom received one major blow in the form of the Mongol invasion of Europe: after the destruction of the Hungarian army in the Battle of Muhi, King, Béla IV, fled, and one third of the population died (leading later to the invitation of settlers from neighbors in the West and South) in the ensuing destruction.
The first group of German, called the Saxons, arrived in the 12th and 13th centuries and live mostly in Transylvania in what is today Romania. (Germans invited to Transylvania and what is now Slovakia, especially after 1242). The towns throughout Hungary were, as throughout most of eastern Europe, mainly German. The recruits to the noble class, at least in the interior of the country, usually became completely Magyarised within a generation or so.
In 1277, representatives of the Counties were already invited, in the name of the Crown, to join the bishops and barons in their deliberations. Jointly they declared that László IV, the Cuman (1272-90) had attained his majority, and approved the draft of a treaty of alliance with the Emperor Rudolph of Habsburg (which was to have lasting, if unintended, long-term consequences for Hungary: had it not been for Hungarian military support in 1278, the Habsburgs might never have settled into neighbouring Austria).
Of the two sons of Béla IV, Béla took the daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg as his wife. Stephen, who was strong in military virtues, and rose repeatedly against his father as heir apparent and eventually occupied the throne as Stephen V for two years, took Elizabeth as his wife, a half-pagan Cuman woman, who accustomed her husband to the boisterous lifestyle of nomads on the steppes, perhaps embellishing his daily existence with women slaves and concubines. He was succeeded by his son, the minor Ladislas (the Cuman) IV (1272-1290), in whose name his mother and various factions of the nobility exercised supreme power for a long time. His wife, Isabella, was a princess of Naples, from the House of Anjou, a fact which foreshadowed no slight change in the history of Hungary.
The last of the Árpád dynasty Andrew III (1290-1301) - born and brought up in Venice, his mother's home - came to the throne.
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1300-1400
Árpád's descendants ruled the country until 1301. After that, most Hungarian kings were from abroad.
Upon Arpad's death, the papal-supported candidate, Charles Robert of Anjou, a scion of the Angevin line in Naples, became Charles I, ruling from 1308 to 1342. The wealth of Hungary became the primary support of Angevin dominance in southern Italy. He maintain a sumptuous and refined court, the cultural influences at which were, incidentally, French rather than German.
Charles Robert's greatest political achievement was the Central European "summit meeting" held in 1335 at Visegrád in the sumptuous Gothic palace which he developed on the bank of the Danube and which was protected by a powerful citadel and riverside fortifications. In addition to the Polish and Bohemian kings, the heads of several important principalities and a delegation from the Teutonic Knights attended the session. Among their far-reaching agreements, the one on economics was the most important. In it, they mapped out new roads and extended mutual advantages to one another. These were to the detriment of Vienna, whose title to staple rights harmed them all.
The second Hungarian king in the Anjou line of French origin, Louis I the Great (I./Nagy Lajos, king 1342-1382) extended his rule over territories from the Black Sea to the Adriatic Sea, and temporarily occupied the Two Sicilies (after his brother was murdered there by his wife, who was also his cousin). From 1370, the death of Casimir III the Great he was also king of Poland - the alliance of Casimir and Louis's father was the start of a long Polish-Hungarian friendship.
A university, one of the earliest in Europe, was founded in Pécs in 1367.
Since the medieval class was mainly German in towns, in Buda was decided to have alternately a German and Hungarian council to prevent disputes.
Whole 14th century a cheep grey Austrian pottery was very common, since it was easy to import via Danube.
Hungarian culture, which was then still strongly ecclesiastical in character but whose laicization pointed toward the Renaissance, derived significant benefits from the king's extensive international connections. Historians, miniaturists, architects, sculptors, and goldsmiths worked on his commissions. If only because he was preparing for the marriages of his three daughters, he had to make himself known in the courts of Europe. But when he died without a male heir, the fragility and high cost of his achievements quickly surfaced. It was mainly the tragic defense of the throne of Naples -deserving again only a Shakespeare's pen- that extracted a great price. On one of his journeys to Naples, Louis the Great carried gold coins equal to Hungary's six, and Europe's two years of gold production, with countless silver pieces piled atop them. From the Hungarian viewpoint, almost all this treasure went up in smoke.
In south Italy (Two Sicilies) Louis and his mother, carrying out plans laid by Charles Robert, embarked on purely dynastic enterprises which brought positive and real damage to Hungary. The object was to secure the throne of Naples for Charles' younger son, Andrew, who, under a compact between Charles and Robert of Sicily, had married Robert's granddaughter, Joanna, on the understanding that he should succeed to the throne on Robert's death (her father, Charles, having predeceased Robert). But Andrew's accession was unpopular in Naples. To get him recognised at all cost enormous sums of money in bribes, and, after a short and insecure reign, he was murdered.
Charles' granddaughter, Mary, married Sigismund of Luxemburg dynasty in 1387. Sigismund, was born in Nuremberg. He was margrave of Brandenburg from 1378, succeeding his father, until 1388 when he handed it to his cousin Jobst of Moravia. Sigismund was at first extremely unpopular, not only for the cruelty with which, in breach of his pledged word, he put Charles' leading supporters to the sword, but also as an intruder and a foreigner. In 1410, in a disputed election, Sigismund was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Sigismund ruled with her until her death in 1395 and alone until 1437. Sigismund ended a western schism. He encouraged manufacture, and was the true father of Hungary's international trade, which he advanced by abolishing internal duties, regulating tariffs on foreign goods and standardising weights and measures throughout the country. Records show that Hungary in his day was importing cloth, linen, velvet, silks and spices and southern delicacies; her chief exports were linen goods, cloth, metal and iron goods, livestock, skins and honey. The memory of this well-being survives in the many fine buildings, dating from his reign, still to be seen in Hungary's towns.
Trade especially with Italy - both through the ports on the Adriatic and along the land routes via Carinthia to Lombardy - but also with Bohemia and Poland thrived, and the cities prospered. They could use reliable Hungarian silver and gold coinage, of which the gold florin (forint), patterned on the Florentine gold fiorino, continued to be minted to the same weight and purity from the 1330s into the 19th century.
Unable to cope with his most powerful subjects as a class, he could do no more than play off some of them against the rest. This he did by organising a group of them in a chivalric league, known as 'the Order of the Dragon', of which he was himself President. Offices and favours were shared out among the members of this group, but even they were not always reliable; cases occurred when the Order itself defied the king. Among first members of the order were: Valdislav Jagello of Poland, King Alfonse V of Aragon, Grand Prinve Vitovd of Lithuania and Duke Ernst of Austria, along with Christopher III, Duke of Bavaria and King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway and in 1439, Thomas de Mowbray, England's Duke of Norfolk
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1400-1526
Sigismund had designated Albrecht to succeed him in both Hungary and Bohemia, and the Hungarians duly elected him, while stipulating that he should. defend the country with all his forces (also, that he should not accept the Imperial crown). All might have turned out well, for Albrecht, who was both conscientious and able, was prepared to fulfil his promise and in fact set about organising an army for a campaign against the Turks; but dysentery carried him off before he had reigned two full years and another dynastic crisis broke out. Elizabeth was big with child, and claimed at least the regency, but a majority of the Hungarians were unwilling to wait for the birth of a child who might not even be a boy, and in any case to endure a long regency under a woman.
They elected the young king of Poland as Wladislav V. Immediately after, Elizabeth was delivered of a boy, whom she succeeded in getting crowned, calling in to support her the Czech war-lord, Giskra, who occupied north-western Hungary. The position of the young Ulászló (as the Hungarians called him) was thus threatened from the rear at the moment when he most needed security.
In this most critical hour Hungary was saved principally by the genius of a single man, János Hunyadi, one of the most interesting and attractive figures in the national history. He had risen from small beginnings; son of a lesser noble of Vlach origin (it is true that his ascent to position and wealth had been so meteoric as to give rise to rumours that he was Sigismund's own natural son), he had begun life as a professional condottiere, but had shown such extraordinary talent in that capacity that Sigismund had given him high command, and Albrecht even higher, appointing him Ban of Szörény. Ulászló, whose cause he had supported, promoted him to Captain-General of Belgrade and Voivode of Transylvania. He was now the most important man in Hungary, after the young king himself, and also in a fair way to becoming the richest, for he was as great a money-maker as he was soldier; by not long after this, his private estates were estimated to have covered nearly six million acres. In Transylvania, in 1442, Hunyadi brilliantly defeated a Turkish army, then in 1443 persuaded Ulászló to undertake a campaign in the Balkans, this being the first time for many years that the Turks had the offensive taken against them on that front. This was so signally successful that the Sultan agreed to a peace which liberated all Serbia from his rule. Unhappily, the Papal Legate, who had been organising a crusade which was frustrated by Hunyadi's action in concluding the peace, persuaded Ulászló that a word given to an infidel need not be kept. The next year he and Hunyadi accordingly led a new army into the Balkans, where the enraged Sultan, meeting them outside Varna on 10 November 1444, defeated them disastrously. The young king himself perished, with the flower of his army, while Hunyadi barely escaped with his life. His crowning achievement came in 1456, when he so heavily routed a Turkish army which was besieging Belgrade that it was seventy years before the danger recurred in so acute a form.
In 1452 the Austrian and Bohemian Estates had forced Frederick to release Ladislas from tutelage, and the next year he was solemnly reinstated as King of Hungary. The boy-king allowed Hunyadi to remain de facto regent, but himself fell under the influence of his maternal uncle, the Count of Cilli, who distrusted the Hunyadi family, a feeling reciprocated by Hunyadi's brother-in-law, Mihály (Michael) Szilágyi. On Hunyadi's death, Ladislas nominated his uncle as the new Captain-General of Hungary, passing over Hunyadi's elder son, another Ladislas. Soon after, the king and his uncle visited Belgrade, then in Szilágyi's hands, and Szilágyi's partisans murdered Cilli. The king then treacherously seized Ladislas Hunyadi and put him to death; his younger brother Mátyás (Matthew) Hunyadi, then a boy of sixteen, he took to Prague, where he threw him into prison; only to die himself, still unmarried, a year later.
After Ladislaus death, Hunyadi's son, Mátyás Corvinus (1458-1490), was placed on the throne by a magnate-led rebellion. Corvinus prosecuted war against the empire, seizing and ruling until his death Austria, Carinthia, and Styria. Mátyás Corvinus, as he is commonly known from his crest, a raven, is the only completely 'national' king to have worn the Holy Crown after the extinction of the old dynasty, and it is natural that Hungarian historians should have seen his reign, in retrospect, through something of a golden haze. The remarkable glamour of his personality is undeniable. He was, as his panegyrists never tire of repeating, a true Renaissance prince. He was exceedingly talented in every respect: a brilliant natural soldier, a first-class administrator, an outstanding linguist, speaking with equal fluency half a dozen languages, a learned astrologer, an enlightened patron of the arts and himself a refined connoisseur of their delights. His library of 'Corvina' was famous throughout Europe. Besides the illuminated manuscripts of which this mainly consisted (many of which he had specially wrought for him by Italian craftsmen), his collections, on which he spent vast sums, included pictures, statues, jewels, goldsmiths' work and other objets d'art. Under his patronage, architecture and the arts flourished in Hungary. Scholars of European repute lived and worked at his court and in the circle of the Archbishop-primate, János Vitéz. Some of them produced elaborate and scholarly works, still valuable in parts, on Hungarian history. Mátyás' Hungary could challenge comparison with most European states of the day.
The word 'Renaissance' is to be taken exactly, for especially after Mátyás had married, as his second wife, Beatrix of Aragon, daughter of the King of Naples, the influences of the early Italian Renaissance dominated his court. They brought with them the absurdities of the day. The cult of Attila and his Huns, at that time held to be the Magyars' ancestors, flourished. Beatrix came to Hungary with small army of cooks and bakers. They brought with them new ideas how to use pans and pottery. When Mátyás' father-in-law sent him a Spanish horse-master he replied: 'For centuries we have been famed for our skill in horsemanship, so that the Magyar has no need to have his horses dance with crossed legs, Spanish fashion.'
Mátyás bought from Pasquier Grenier, Burgundy, a copy of eleven-piece set tapestry "Story of the Trojan war". The same originally Burgundian work was copied for five other monarchs in Europe.
The numbers of inhabitants in Hungary and England at the time of Mátyás Corvinus were approximately equal. Today, the ratio is one to five.
Mátyás might nevertheless have established a new, native dynasty; but neither of his two wives bore him an heir. Magnates wanted, as one of them put it cynically, 'a king whose plaits they could hold in their fists'. Such a man was to hand in Wladislas Jagiello (Ulászló II in Hungarian history), whom the Bohemians had chosen as their king in 1471 precisely for his negative qualities, a choice which he had thereafter justified so amply as to earn from his subjects the name of 'King Dobre' (King O.K.) from his habit of assenting without cavil to any proposal laid before him.
In the event Maximilian contented himself with the restoration of the Austrian provinces and with an agreement that if Ulászló died without heirs, Maximilian himself, or his heirs, should succeed. Thereafter he exercised an increasingly close, although friendly, protectorate over Hungary, which was not altered when Ulászló, after many curious adventures, eventually married and, in 1506, became father of a boy. Another agreement was concluded in 1515 under which this boy, Louis, married Maximilian's granddaughter, Mary, while his sister, Anne, was betrothed to Maximilian's younger grandson, Ferdinand, who was to succeed to Louis's thrones if Louis died without issue.
Again we come upon an age marked not by a king's name but first by a highly ambitious priest's, later by a popular hero's, and finally by a fanatical jurist's. Tamás Bakócz, the offspring of serf -he was Bishop of Györ and Eger, and then Archbishop of Esztergom -was a true Renaissance figure. He was first Matthias's secretary, but later Wladislas's all-powerful deputy. Bakócz proceeded to Rome with wagons fully loaded with gold; he waited very patiently for the death of Julianus II, the great patron of the arts and Michelangelo's backer. At the conclave he was narrowly defeated by Giovanni De' Medici, who mounted the papal throne as Leo X. To compensate him for the failure and to get rid of him at the Vatican, the new pope granted Bakócz the right to announce a Crusade.
In 15th century most of the pottery came from Rhein or Moravian area. Goblets were made of Venetian glass (Merano).
Louis succeeded his father in 1516, but, a boy of nine, naturally could bring no remedy. Meanwhile the defences of the country went from bad to worse. Hungary was given a brief respite by the Sultan's decision to reduce Rhodes before turning north again, but in 1525 attack was again imminent. Messengers scoured Europe appealing for help, but hardly any came; the Empire was occupied with France, Poland with the Tatars, Bohemia was indifferent. When, in 1526, the Sultan commenced his advance in earnest, it was at first almost unopposed. |
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Summary:
1242- came German immigrants. Population of the towns were mainly German. In the beginning of the 15th century king was from Luxemburg and emperor of Holy Roman Empire (German).
Venetians, Napolitans, two Sicilies… influenced strongly in to Hungary during whole period. Especially in the second half of the 15th century, when renaissance dominated in court. Magyar viseletek Története, shows Italian costumes in 13th and 14th century and again at Mátyas and Jagello's period (1480-1526). Armoury of the soldiers has been whole medieval ages in western style. Since there were plenty of manufactures in Italy we can assume that most of armoury comes from there. (Since eastern style clothed soldiers did not carry armour, I count them out)
End of 12th century French style came into court. And same happened when Venetian branch of Anjou's got the crown in the beginning of the 14th century.
Hungary was at the center of medieval European political marriages and pivotal to the alliance system (list of foreign queens in the end). The king of Hungary participated in crusade -- like the Holy Roman Emperor, the King of France, the King of England, etc.
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Conclusion:
Even a cursory familiarity with the role of Hungary in medieval European political history makes nonsense of the claim that Hungary wasn't part of the medieval West. In the text of the museum of Visegrád was written that Hungary was part of central Europe. The fact that most SCAdians are fascinated with England and France leads them often to forget that the center of medieval Western Europe was the Rhine, not the English Channel. If Hungary is peripheral to medieval Western Europe, England is just as peripheral and Ireland is like the bloody Ukraine.
Foreign queens might sometimes have a great influence in the court, like its mentioned twice in history. In most cases we can assume that she must have magyarised, or her influence has been small.
It is true that the Hungarians did not always relish these innovations, and often bound the monarch of their choice by strict capitulations to respect their own hardly-won and cherished national institutions. Their ability to do this - an outcome, strictly speaking, of the electoral nature of the Crown, not of the fact that the candidate was usually a foreigner - was a main reason why, for good or ill (and the advantages did not lie all on one side), Hungary throughout her history was able to preserve her native features in a larger degree than most other European countries.
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List of Hungary's Kings
House of Árpád: Árpád, Prince c. 886-907
Zolta, Prince 907-946 (Saint) Stephen I, Prince 997-1000 King 1000-1038
Peter 1038-1041 Andrew I 1046-1060
Béla I 1060-1063
Géza I 1074-1077 Béla (Blind) II 1131-1141 Géza II 1141-1162 Stephen III 1162-1172 Ladislas II 1162-1163 Stephen IV 1163-1165 Béla III 1173-1196 Emeric 1196-1204
Ladislas III 1204-1205 Ladislas (the Cuman) IV 1272-1290 Andrew III 1290-1301
Kings of different houses
Wenceslas of Bohemia 1301-1305 Otto of Bavaria 1305-1307 Louis I (the Great) of Anjou 1342-1382 Maria of Anjou 1382-1395
Charles (Small) II of Durazzo
1385-1386
Albert Habsburg 1437-1439 Ladislas V (Posthumous) Habsburg 1440-1457
Matthias I Corvinus 1458-1490 John Szapolyai (Zápolya) 1526-1540 House of Habsburg 1564-1918
Foreign Queens of Hungary
997- Gisela, Regensburg, Bavaria 1046- Anastasia, Kiev 1060- Rixa, Gniezo 1063- Judith, Regensburg 1074- Synadene, Byzantium 1078- Gertrude, Andechs 1078- Himiltrud, Formbach
1078- Adelhaid,
Rheinfelden 1112- Euphemia, Pereyaslevets 1121- Adelhaid, Regensburg 1131- Ilona, Raska 1146- Euphrosina, Kiev 1163- Maria, Byzantium 1166- Agnes, Vienna 1173- Anne de Chatillon, Antioch, France 1186- Margaret, daughter of Louis VII of France, Paris 1198- Constance, Zaragoza
1210? Gertrude of Merano 1234- Beatrice, Este 1235- Maria, Nicea 1297- Agnes, Vienna 1270- Elizabeth, Cumania
1272- Isabella, Naples 1470? Catherine of Podebrad, Bohemia
1470? Beatrice of
Naples |
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Sources:
Emese saga: http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01993/html/index1.html
Hungarian history, short version: http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/macartney/index.htm
HUNGARY - A Brief History: http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/lazar/index.htm
A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war: http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/thou/index.htm
Museum of Visegrád castle
Museum of Vár castle in Budapest
Magyar viseletek Története, Nemes-Nagy-Tompos ISBN: 963-85528-3-2 The Imperial and Royal Dragon Court and Order |